History Unit 2 Test GRADE 10 Flashcards
Why did people want to ban alcohol? (4 reasons)
- physical violence against spouse or family
- alcohol abuse (drunkenness)
- men would waste their money
- women thought alcohol was corrupting men (physical and mental health and economically)
Which group campaigned for total prohibition of alcohol?
Think: Alcohol restriction = temperance
The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
Nellie McClung and Louise McKinney of the Famous Five were part of this movement.
Which act caused the federal government to enact prohibition?
The War Measures Act (1914-1920)
How long did prohibition last?
The ban ended a year after the war ended (1920). But when did it start?
Why didn’t prohibition work?
Think: 6 reasons
- alcohol was smuggled from wet provinces to dry ones
- an illegal alcohol trade developed, making criminals rich
- people made their own alcohol (moonshine)
- alcohol was served in speakeasies (secret bars run in the back rooms of buildings)
- law enforcement officers and politicians were men and were not happy with the ban in the first place
- the government lost revenue from taxing alcohol
What was the benefit to the U.S. choosing to keep the prohibition laws?
(Benefit to Canada)
It created a profitable opportunity for Canadian businesses as Americans would purchase and smuggle alcohol from Canada, into the U.S.
Who are “Rum Runners”?
People who smuggled alcohol from Canada to the U.S.
They smuggled about 45 million litres of alcohol a year
Why did Canada’s economy fall into a slump after WW1?
Factories reduced or cut their production because ammunition, weapons, and military equipment was no longer needed.
Why was unemployment a bigger problem in 1919 than it is now?
Now, we have employment insurance.
Who was to blame for unemployment?
Some people blamed immigrants as they believed that immigrants took away jobs from native-born Canadians.
What is collective bargaining?
Each Union chose a few people to bargain with employers.
What was the purpose of a union?
Workers could band together to get what they wanted. Workers within the same trade formed trade unions
What does OBU stand for?
One Big Union
A labor union formed in Western Canada
What was the purpose of the OBU (One Big Union)?
OBU was a labour union formed in Canada. Members believed that forming an alliance would increase their bargaining power with the government and employers.
How were OBU members similar to the revolutionaries of Russia?
Both wanted a change in the structure of society as it was based on an unfair class system.
Workers suffered, employers had “all the good things in life”
What did OBU members support?
General strikes
1919, Winnipeg’s building-trade unions went on strike because of what?
Their employers refused to negotiate a wage increase
What happened when the Winnipeg’s building-trade’s strike was not handled in 14 days?
- Winnipeg Trade and Labor Council called for a city-wide strike to support the workers
- an hour later, 20 000 members of 94 unions were off the job
- eventually the number of strikers reached 30 000
What is a general strike?
A strike in which many unions joined together to strike
Many Canadian political and business leaders did not like unions, especially big ones. Why?
- some believed it was based on communism (businesses were equal when they were in union, in a sense)
- they thought collective bargaining could be dangerous -> what if the unions got out of control?
- they wanted to make sure that a workers revolution like the one in Russia would not happen in Canada
How is a general strike different to most other strikes?
General strikes are not directed against a particular employer, rather, they are directed against employers and governments as a group.
Which workers were first to go strike in the Winnipeg strike?
Building and metal workers
What did building and metal workers want changed?
- wages higher than 85 cents an hour
- working hours per week reduced from 60 to 44
- The Metal Trade Council wanted to be recognized as a union with a right to bargain with it’s workers
What happened when the employers (management) refused to comply with the wishes of the workers?
The workers asked the Winnipeg Trades and Labor Council for help. The Winnipeg Trade and Labour Council asked all unionized workers to go on strike to support the metal workers.
They believed that if all the workers went on strike, the employers would give in.
When did the Winnipeg Strike begin?
On May 1, 1919, the building and metal workers began their strike. May 15, many more unions joined the strike as the Winnipeg Trades and Labor Council enforced it.
Explain “Bloody Saturday”
- the government decided to arrest many strike leaders and charge them with conspiracy (a secret plan to do something unlawful)
- protest erupted all across Canada
- a meeting and march was planned for June 21
- Winnipeg Mayor Gray forabde the march
- in protest, ex-soldiers led thousands of people down Main Street
- they were met by policemen swinging clubs, and firing pistols
- 2 people died in the riot that followed
- the federal government sent troops with machine guns
- in fear of more violence, strike leaders called off the strike
Although the strike had failed, what were some of the benefits to it?
- it sparked a political consciousness around the issues of the workers
- In 1920, some strike leaders were elected to the Manitoba legislature (people who make laws)
- the next year, the workers had political representation in Ottawa
- the workers managed to solve some of their issues
Before WW1, what percentage of Canadians lived in rural areas
50%
Who were the catalogues of the 1920s usually intended for?
Women/mothers/housewives
Which industry expanded rapidly in the 1920s?
The pulp and paper industry
- demand for paper was huge in the American department
- Canada exported for pulpwood and newsprint than the rest of the world combined
What was the top consumer item during the 1920s?
The automobile
Why did cars become cheaper
- to make them more affordable for the population
- mass production and the assembly line
Who was Canada’s main trading partner before the 1920s?
Britain
Who was Canada’s main trading partner during the 1920s?
The U.S.
What is free trade?
A policy that does not restrict imports or exports -> makes trading cheaper
What are tariffs?
A tax imposed by a country on imports or exports
What is a bush pilot?
A pilot that flies small aircrafts to isolated areas
How many motor vehicles were traveling Canada’s roads by the end of the 1920s?
1.62 million
What helped the expansion of urban cities?
- increased wealth (increased job opportunities, a centralized market)
- increased car ownership, which also led to more roads
Who made the first telephone call and what year?
Alexander Graham Bell, 1872
What are the two parts of the telephone?
Earpiece and speaking piece.
Which two men did research to find a cure for diabetes?
Fredrick Banting and Charles Best
What year did Banting and Best discover that insulin extracted from the pancreas of cattle fetuses lowered the blood sugar of dogs?
1921
The first trans-Canada call made was made from where to where?
1916, from Montreal to Vancouver
What was the name of the first boy to receive insulin for diabetes, and what was his age?
Leonard Thompson, age 14, 1922
What was labelled “One of the greatest achievements of modern medicine”
The discovery of insulin which saved thousands of lives of those with diabetes
What was the method for helping diabetes symptoms before insulin?
The starvation diet
Where was TB a big problem?
Some Saskatchewan First Nation Reserves
What did the first radios include?
A small quartz crystal and a thin wire. Listeners would move the thin wire over the crystal’s surface to find stations.
What did Sir Edward Rogers invent and in what year?
In 1925, Rogers invented the first battery-less radio, also called an alternating current (AC) radio tube
What was the benefit to Sir Edward Rogers’ invention?
All one would have to do is plug the radio into the wall, without having to rely on expensive batteries that constantly needed to be recharged
What did Prime Minister King do to protect Canadian content?
He appointed Sir John Aird to chair a Royal Commission to consider the future of broadcasting and the government’s role
What did the Aird Report recommend?
That Canada’s broadcasting should use a coast-to-coast system. This created the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission.
What did CRBC stand for?
Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission
What are the names of the two jazz pioneers?
Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington
Louis Armstrong
What did jazz music encourage?
Energetic and daring dances. Some considered the dances indecent because of their suggestive movements.
What were the most popular dances in order?
- The Charleston
- The Black Bottom
- The Fox Trot
What were the talkies and what year did they appear?
1927
Movies with recorded sound that was synchronized with the images on the screen
What was the most common type of movie during the era of silent films?
Comedy
What did the Warner Brothers Create the first of?
The first motion picture with synchronized sound: “The Jazz Singer”
What was Conacher’s position/job in politics?
He was the Liberal Member of Political Parliament for Toronto Bracondale. He was the Ontario Athletic Commissioner and worked to provide recreational activities in parks.
In 1949, he was elected federal MP for Toronto Trinity
Who was the greatest athlete Canada had?
Lionel Conacher
What was the most popular sport in Canada?
Baseball
Who was Canada’s first female engineer?
Elise MacGill
What was one of the earliest Canadian womens’ organizations?
The National Council of Women in Canada, founded in 1893
What did the members of The National Council of Women in Canada focus on?
Improving the public health and lives of female factory workers, immigrants, and prisoners
Women began to campaign for the right to vote in 1870 under the leadership of WHO?
Emily Stowe, the first woman to practice medicine in Canada
What is suffrage?
The right to vote in political elections, which began 1870.
What did women want to fight for other that suffrage?
- the right to run for public office
- to be appointed to Senate
- to serve as judges
Who was the first female member of parliament?
Agnes Macphail
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Who was the second female member of parliament and what year did she become a part of it?
1935, Martha Black was elected
She was elected 14 years after Agnes Macphail
Who were three Canadians who played a major role in early movies?
Mary Pickford
Walter Huston
Marie Dressler
Warner Brothers
Who was part of the Alberta Five?
Louise McKinney
Nellie McClung
Emily Murphy
Irene Parlby
Henrietta Muir Edwards
What did the Alberta Five do about the law which stated that women weren’t persons?
- they fought the law against the government in court
- the government won the first round. The court based its choice on the social conditions at the time of the confederation, 1867
- the group appealed their case to the Judicial Privy Council in England
- the Privy Council ruled, on Oct 18, 1929, that women are indeed persons and that “the exclusion of women from all public offices is a relic for days more barbarous that ours. And to those who ask why the word ‘persons’ should include females, the answer is why should it not?
What is autonomy?
The right or condition of self-government
Who is David Lloyd George?
Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
What was learnt from the Chanak Affair?
The Chanak Affair challenged the assumption that Canada would follow Britain into war
Offer a summary of the Chanak Affair:
- After WW1, French and British forces occupied Turkey
- by 1920, a treaty was signed, and British forces moved to only a few key sites
- Greece (Britain’s ally) remained in territorial disputes with Turkey
- In 1922, Turkish forces attacked and defeated Greece and continued advancing towards the British near Chanak.
- The British were outnumbered, so David Lloyd George (former PM of UK) asked the Dominions for help
- PM of Canada said no
Who was the Prime Minister of Canada after Borden?
William Lyon Mackenzie King
What was the “lesson” from the Halibut Treaty?
It established Canada’s right to take independent diplomatic action (without the aid or input of Britain)
Offer a summary of the King-Byng Affair:
- King’s Liberals had a minority government and relied on support from the Progressive Party
- support from Progressives decreased
- to avoid debate on this issue, KIng and asked Byng to dissolve parliament
- Byng refused
- King’s government resigned, forcing Byng to make a choice
- Byng asked the opposition, Arthur Meighen to govern in the House of Commons, but they had no support and lost their first confidence vote
- In the next election, King won a majority government by campaigning for Canadian Nationalism
- King then restricted the power of governor general
How did King restrict the power of the governor general?
By establishing a Canadian high commissioner in London
and
an English and British ambassador in Ottawa
All for greater communication with Britain.
What was the Balfour Report?
The report ended the old-style British imperialism over Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
It also led to these nations being associated by common interests and their loyalty to Britain through the new “CommonWealth of Nations”
What is the “CommonWealth of Nations”
The international association of independant and equal countries, most of which are former territories of the British Empire.
What was the Statute of Westminster?
Think: Statute is similar to statue which stands alone
It enacted the recommendations of the Balfour report, which declared the Britain and its dominions were “equal in status”.
The statute of westminster gave Canada and the other CommonWealth dominions legislative equality.
What were the benefits of the treaty created with the first nations people?
- government-funded healthcare
- education
What were the cons of the treaty?
Think: 8 reasons
- took away the right to govern themselves and vote
- restricted how they make a living (very few jobs)
- reserves were too small for traditional activities like fishing and hunting
- prohibited from drinking alcohol
- budget cuts in the federal Department of Indian Acts led to reduced services
- poverty
- poor healthcare
- houses typically lacked clean water and indoor toilets
What was the purpose of the Indian Act?
To assimilate First Nations into the broader Canadian society
Why was there a downfall with the League of Indians?
Changes in the treatment made it illegal for First Nations people to create political organizations, keeping them from gaining widespread support
What is a possible reason for the drug abuse and high suicide rates among the First Nations Peoples?
These negative things were likely provoked by their parents who are abusive and, potentialy, unloving as they never learnt how to be parents in residential schools
Why did Canadians fear immigrants?
Think: 3 reasons
- They thought that black people were not suited for the Canadian environment
- They thought they were communists trying to overthrow the government
- they thought they were threats to their job opportunities
Which people did the 20s NOT roar for?
- The First Nations
- Black people/Africans
- Asians from China, Japan, and India
What is a newsreel?
A collection of short news clips that became part of movie theatre programs (similar to a commercial)
What did women wear (daily and for dances)?
- decorative pieces on their heads
- knee-length tubular dresses
- skirts were shorter than usual as women wanted to rebel against societal norms
- for dances: Flapper style dress
What did men wear?
Think: Chandler
- knickerbockers
- sweater vests
- for dances: zoot suits
What did Wallace Turnball invent?
Think: TURN
The variable pitch propeller
- before his invention, planes could only fly in one gear
- Turnball’s inventions allowed planes to travel with greater loads
What did Joseph Bombardier invent?
Think: Bomb/ball
Snow machine
-important because it allowed people to travel on snow faster
Why didn’t Emily Murphy become senate after she won the court case?
Because Emily had too many ties to the conservative party, and Borden wanted someone who was liberal
What did William Stephenson invent?
Think: W
The wire photo
- a photo that is transmitted through the air using a transmitter
- this changed the appearance of journalism
- it allowed more instant news photos
- prior, there were people who would draw in the newspapers
Offer a brief summary of how a TB vaccine came to be
- TB was one of the leading causes of death during the 1920s
- The NRC (National Research Council) had been established to conduct scientific and industrial research and helped pioneer a vaccine to prevent TB
- 1925, drawing on the research discovered in France, a Canadian team began developing the vaccine
- The NRC sponsored the team
- NRC doctors started vaccination programs on some Saskatchewan First Nations Reserves
