history, test 2 Flashcards
who created the via Appia?
Appius Claudius Caecus (caecus = blind)
which road goes due east right from Rome to Tibur (modern Tivoli)
via Valeria
who is hired by the Greeks to keep Romans out of southern Italy?
King Pyrrhus of Epirus
what does Pyrrhus bring when he comes to southern Italy?
20 elephants, 3000 cavalry, 25 000 infantry
what do romans call the elephants to make fun of them?
lucanian cows
why were elephants considered a “secret weapon”?
horses are afraid of elephants, therefore their presence rendered the calvary useless
where did the “pyrrhic victory” take place?
Ausculum
how did Pyrrhus die?
in Argos, a women threw a roof tile at him, it hit him in the head and he died
which Greek city hired Pyrrhus?
Tarentum
which Egyptian king made a peace treaty with Rome?
Ptolemy the II of Alexandria
roman territory spans from: ____
Pisae in the east to ariminum in the west
what is the name of the mercenaries that the Syracusians hired to fight the carthaginians?
mamertines
4 things romans debated over when deciding whether or not to help in the greek/carthaginian conflict
- they need to protect the commercial interests of their greek allies: Sicily is a bread basket (olives and wheat in particular)
- sicily is a good base for expanding into southern Italy: Rome does not want the carthaginians to get a foothold in Sicily
- military glory: carthaginians at this point are the biggest economic force in the mediterranean, getting the wealth from North African would keep Rome from collapsing
- finances: general advantage of gaining slaves and money, as Rome expands that then creates more money
how long does the war with Carthage last?
24 years
how did Romans fight the Carthaginians, who were primarily a naval culture?
They created these planks of wood with a nail in the end (called a crow) to attach to carthaginian ships: they would get really close, pull in the oars and drop these boards on carthaginian ships and have soldiers run onto the boats
what were the 2 major defeats in the first punic war?
a land battle in Africa and a battle in drepanum
what was the name of the Roman admiral who did not ask the gods for their approval during the Carthaginian war?
P. Claudius Pulcher
how many ships did P. Claudius Pulcher lose?
93 of 120
what was the method for getting the gods approval at sea?
you would go out with a crate of chickens, ask the gods “should I do this” and then give the chickens seeds. if the chickens eat the seeds, the gods have given you their blessing
carthaginians bring in one of their best generals, named:
Hamilcar Barca
which river in (modern day) Spain is designated as the boundary between Carthaginian and Roman territory?
Ebro river: Rome stays north, Carthage stays south
what is the name of Hamilcar Barca’s eldest son?
Hannibal Barca
who besieged Saguntum?
Hannibal Barca
why was Hannibal’s approach so unexpected?
he crossed the pyrenees mountains and the alps in the winter, in the ancient world they only fought during the summer
how many people / beings did Hannibal have in his army?
20 000 infantry, 6000 cavalry, 37 elephants
how many men were left after Hannibal crossed the alps?
7000
which 2 battles did Rome lose to Hannibal?
Ticinum and Trebia
how many Roman soldiers were killed in Trebia?
30 000
what was the worst defeat Romans ever faced and how many romans were killed?
Battle of Cannae, lost 65 000 soldiers
what tactics did Rome employ to defeat Hannibal?
guerilla tactics - they harassed the carthaginians, cut off all their supplies and used scorched earth tactics
who devised the plan to use guerrilla tactics against Hannibal?
Quintus Fabius Maximus (later given the cognomen Cunctator: means “the delayer”)
name of Hannibal Barca’s brother that came through the alps to provide support to Hannibal
Hasdrubal Barca
what happens to Hasdrubal when he tries to cross the alps?
C. Claudius Nero cuts his head off and sends it to Hannibal
who is the roman general that conquered Spain?
P. Cornelius Scipio
who defeats Hannibal for the first time?
P. Cornelius Scipio, who gains the cognomen “Africanus” for defeating Hannibal in Carthage
how did Hannibal Barca die?
he committed suicide by drinking boar’s blood
the Carthaginians broke their peace treaty with Rome at the last minute. what did they have to do as war reparations?
they lost their fleet, all of their territories outside of Africa became Roman and they had to pay a huge war indemnity
how long were the carthaginians given to pay back the war indemnity?
50 years
when Spain was divided into two provinces what were they called?
Hispania Citerior (Northern Spain, the part that is closer to Rome) and Hispania Ulterior (southern Spain, the part that is further away from Rome)
how long did it take Rome to fully conquer Spain?
200 years
worst example of Roman imperialism and blood-thirstiness
the siege of Numantia
last battle where the Macedonian phalanx was used
The battle at Cynoscephalae, where Philip V was defeated
between 200 and 165 BC, the Roman army was made up of about how many men?
130 000
which member of the Senate and the Senatorial order finished all of his speeches with “Carthage delenda est” and what does it mean?
M. Porcius Cato, “Carthage must be destroyed”
tribune of the plebs who fought to give land back to the poor farmer citizens of Rome
T. Sempronius Gracchus
how did Tiberius Gracchus die?
he was beaten to death, his body dragged through the city with hooks, then he was cut up into pieces and dumped in the Tiber
how did Caius Gracchus die?
suicide by slave
concordia
the unwritten laws in which everyone agrees to work together for Rome’s benefit
who defied norms by being elected consul 7 times (5 times in a row)
C. Marius
which 2 germanic tribes came down through gaul to fight the romans (and won over & over)
cimbri and teutones
in which gallic city did the romans face a big defeat?
arausio
4 major changes C.Marius implemented in the roman army
- gets rid of the property qualification
- state will now provide equipment
- will now take volunteers
- SOLDIERS ARE NOW PAID
what strange act did the cimbri do to strike fear into roman hearts?
tobogganed over the alps on their shields
why did the roman allies revolt and how did Rome respond?
they revolted because they were not climbing the roman social ladder, romans responded by making all freeborn adult men roman citizens (above and beyond)
who is the king of Pontus?
Mithridates VI
how many romans did Mithridates kill in Pergamon?
80 000
what barbaric act did Mithridates commit against a wealthy roman?
he melted all his gold and poured it down his throat
who was chosen to defeat Mithridates?
L. Cornelius Sulla
how did C. Marius react to being passed over for the role of defeating Mithridates?
he collaborated with L. Cornelius Cinna and killed all of Sulla’s supporters
which 3 people was Sulla met with upon his return to Rome after defeating Mithridates?
- M. Licinius Crassus
- Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius
- CN. Pompeius (Pompey) Magnus
what was M. Licinius Crassus’ cognomen and what did it mean?
Dives - means “the rich” : his family was very wealthy, they had the only fire service in Rome
instead of looting and killing everyone, what do Crassus, Metellus Pius and Pompey do to defeat their enemies?
they PROSCRIBE them: they put up posters saying “we want this person dead” and promised a reward to whoever gave them information regarding them
why did the system of proscribing not work?
people abused it- they added the names of their own enemies to the list
which former praetor betrayed Rome to lead a rebellion in Spain?
Q. Sertorius
why was it a problem that Romans got rid of all their warships in an effort to stop piracy from growing?
the island of Rhodes acted as a sort of “pirate police”, Rome essentially took away their cop cars
where did the rebellion led by Spartacus start?
a gladiator school in Capua
how many followers (approx) did Spartacus have?
80 000
who defeats Spartacus and who takes credit for it?
Crassus defeated him, Pompey took credit
what did Rome do to Spartacus’ slave army after defeating them?
they crucified 6000 of them along the Via Appia to send a message to other slaves
what is the name for power granted to roman magistrates?
imperium : this power is very limited to a particular person, place and time, meaning they cannot abuse their position
who is sent to deal with the pirates and Mithradates?
Pompey
what does Pompey do to Judea instead of conquering them?
he makes Judea a client kingdom: they are independent, but they have to follow Rome’s foreign policy
why does the Senate deny giving Pompey’s soldiers land and money?
they claim they are Pompey’s soldiers, not Romes
Crassus has noticed that Marius has a nephew that is an up-and-comer and wants him on his side. who is that nephew?
Gaius Julius Caesar
this alliance with C. Julius Caesar was known as the ______
first triumvirate
which provinces did caesar get as proconsul?
illyricum and cisalpine gaul
why did caesar want cisalpine gaul and illyricum?
they’re so close to transalpine gaul: he claims the gallia comata is attacking his provinces so he must go and conquer all the Gauls
gallia comata
long-haired Gauls
why does caesar need to be proconsul?
he borrowed a ton of money when he was an aedile and now needs to pay it back: by looting and pillaging gallic territory, he is able to gain military prestige as well as pay back his debtors
where did the first battle against King Pyrrhus take place?
Heraclea
where did Pyrrhus die?
Argos
which 2 kings did Hannibal get help from?
King Philip V of Macedonia and Hiero II of Syracuse
2 brothers who were fighting the Carthaginians
P. Cornelius Scipio and Cn. Cornelius Scipio Calvus (Calvus = bald)
at what battle were the Cornelius brothers killed?
battle of the upper Baetis
which roman general declared the freedom of the greeks?
T. Quinctilius Flamnius
ager publicus
state-owned farmland
which king offered his hand in marriage to Cornelia?
Ptolomy VIII Physcon
which king of Asia died and bequeathed his territory to the citizens of Rome?
King Attalus of Asia
who led the lynch mob against T. Gracchus?
Pontifex Maximus, his cousin
who is Cornelia’s father?
P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus
where did the major victory over the teutones take place?
aquae sextiae
where did the major victory over the cimbri take place?
vercellae
