history, final exam Flashcards
who was the first living person to be put on a coin?
Julius Caesar
true or false? Julius Caesar always wrote in the 3rd person (if true, why?)
true: this is so his writing was seen as unbiased
who got the command against the Parthians in the East?
Crassus
how long was the command that the senate gave to Caesar?
5 years
how was Crassus defeated in Carrhae?
his army was encircled and rained down by arrows, Crassus was captured and assassinated
how did Pompey and Caesar attempt to reconcile their differences?
Pompey married Caesar’s daughter
What did the Parthians control that was extremely desirable?
the Silk Road
who conquered Britain
Caesar (only really beat them, not actually conquered)
which gallic general led the revolt against Caesar?
Vercingetorix
which town do the Gauls withdraw to in their battle against Caesar?
Alesia
how does Caesar defeat the Gauls in Alesia?
he puts up two walls (interior and exterior) around Alesia
What are the 2 walls around Alesia called?
interior: circumvallation, exterior: contravallation
what happened to Vercingetorix after the besieging of Alesia?
he is captured and kept in Rome for a few years. He is then displayed in a parade for people to “boo” at. Afterwards he is strangled and dumped
who convinces the senate to declare martial law against Caesar and why?
Pompey: to give him the power to prevent Caesar’s return
how does Caesar find out that Pompey is plotting against him?
he has lots of spies
what river does Caesar cross, thereby declaring civil war?
the Rubicon
wha does “Iacta Alea Est” mean, and who said it?
“the die is cast” - Caesar
what unexpected thing happens when Caesar marches south?
Pompey flees and brings his army with him
where does Pompey flee to?
Dyrrhachium
after Pompey fled, where do him and Caesar eventually meet?
Pharsalus
after Pompey is defeated at Pharsalus, whom does he go to?
Ptolemy XIII of Alexandria
true or false: Caesar wants Pompey dead
FALSE: Caesar wants to grant him a pardon and bring him back to Rome
what present does Ptolemy send to Caesar when his ship arrives in Alexandria?
A wicker basket with Pompey’s head in it
How is Cleopatra VII related to Ptolemy XIII?
she is his sister and his wife
at what ages did Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra VII get married?
when Ptolemy was 12 and Cleopatra was 18
true or false: Cleopatra abandoned Ptolemy in favour of Caesar
true: Cleopatra gains Caesars support against Ptolemy, resulting in a war
how does ptolemy die?
he drowns in the Nile when he’s 16
after defeating Ptolemy, how does caesar return to Rome?
on foot, which is odd
what is the name of Mithridates son who is raising a rebellion in Pontus?
Pharnaces
where does Caesar meet Pharnaces?
the battle of Zela
Who wins at the battle of Zela?
Caesar
what does Caesar say upon defeating everyone at the battle of Zela?
Veni Vidi Vici = I came, I saw, I conquered
Not all of Pompey’s army has given up. Where do they meet and who are they led by?
they meet in Africa, they are led by Pompey’s two sons
At what battle is Caesar able to defeat Pompey’s army?
The battle of Thapsus
what province does Caesar create when he defeats Pompey’s army?
Africa Nova
where is one of Pompey’s sons killed?
Munda
why did Caesar decide to make himself dictator?
he realized that this was the only position without a partner, thus no veto power
Caesar declares himself “perpetual dictator” - what is the term for this in latin?
dictator perpetuus
what is the name of the new Senate house that Pompey built after the last one was burned down?
Curia Pompeiana
what is the name of the prophet who predicted Caesar’s death?
Sporena
what was the sign that people took as an omen for Caesar to not fight the Parthinians?
the birds were flying oddly and babies were being born weird
what did Sporena keep repeating to Caesar?
beware the ides of march
who grabbed Caesar’s toga when Caesar came to the Senate before leaving to fight the Parthinians?
Tillius Cimber
what does Caesar yell when Tillius Cimber grabs his toga?
Ista quidem vis est: this is assault
what does caesar do to “die properly”?
pulls his toga over his head and legs
how many times was caesar stabbed?
23 times
what does caesar say when Brutus comes at him? (debated, some texts say he was silent)
you too, young man? (in greek)
who were the two main conspirators in Caesar’s assassination?
M. Iunius Brutus and C. Cassius Longinus
how many stab wounds were fatal?
- all other stab wounds were superficial
how was Caesar’s body disposed of?
the conspirators had decided to drag him to the Tiber, but they ended up leaving his body in the Curia. His body was carried off by two slaves on a pallet with one hand hanging off
who invented that Caesar said “et tu brute”?
Richard Edes, in 1582 (this was copied by Shakespeare twice)
who sectioned off part of the Curia and turned it into public toilets?
Augustus Caesar
who took control of Rome after Caesars assassination ? (2)
M. Antonius and M. Aemilius Lepidus
what did Antony and Lepidus do to Caesar’s assassins?
They allowed them to leave Rome (they went to Greece) to prevent bloodshed
what did Caesar’s will decree?
he posthumously adopted his sister’s grandson, C. Octavius Augustus (18 years old) who is training too be a military leader in Apollonia
who gave the ‘friends, roman, countrymen’ speech?
Augustus
when C. Octavius Augustus is adopted, what does his name become?
C. Julius Caesar Octavianus
what does Octavian do as his first act?
he wins two of Antony’s legions
whose side does Octavian take between Antony & Lepidus // The senate
The senate: odd because they are the ones who killed his great-uncle
when Antony, Lepidus and Octavian unite, what is their goal?
to defeat the anti-caesarians
what does “tresviri rei publicae constituendae” mean?
3 men for the rebuilding of the state
who are the members of the second triumvirate?
Antony, Lepidus and Octavian
how long is the power of the second triumvirate held for?
5 years
who was the consul / lawyer / philosopher who had become quite friendly with Octavian but opposed Antony at the beginning?
Cicero
how was Cicero killed?
they cut off his head, and they hung his head (which had delivered the speech) and they cut off his right hand (which he had used to write the speech)
what did Cicero do to offend Antony?
he wrote and delivered a series of very vicious speeches
who was referred to as “divus” and what does it mean?
Caesar: means “the divine one”
what is “divi filius” and who refers to himself as such?
means “son of the divine one”, Octavian calls himself this
where do Antony and Octavian meet the forces of Caesars assassins?
Philippi (in Macedonia)
how do Brutus and Cassius die?
suicide
who starts causing problems among the triumvirate?
Antony’s brother and his wife
What is the peace of Brundisium?
the meeting wherein the triumvirate decides its better to stay together than break apart
who is considered the least important member of the triumvirate?
Lepidus
when the triumvirate decides to divide up the empire and each take a section, who gets what?
Octavian gets the west, Antony gets the East, Lepidus gets Africa
in order to keep Antony and Octavian from having too many problems, what is done?
Antony marries Octavian’s sister Octavia
why do Antony and Octavia go to Alexandria?
Antony wants to use it as a base for his Parthian expedition (he wants to finish Caesar’s work)
what is the name of Caesar & Cleopatra’s son?
Ptolemy XV Caesar (also called Caesarion)
true or false: Antony falls in love with Cleopatra
true
what are the names of Antony and Cleopatra’s twins?
Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene II
What is the name of Cleopatra and Antony’s third child?
Ptolemy Philadelphus
who launches a large revolt against Octavian?
Lepidus
what was the name of Pompey’s surviving son?
Sextus Pompey
who tries to free all the slaves of Sicily to use them as soldiers against Octavian?
Sextus Pompey
true or false: Octavian kills Lepidus
false: he brings him back to Rome and puts him on house arrest because he is Pontifex Maximus
who was the admiral of the fleet that defeated Lepidus and Pompey, and where did the defeat take place?
M. Agrippa: battle of Naulochus
what made the battle of Naulochus distinctive?
it was the first sea battle since the first punic war
What did Antony give to Cleopatra and the kids?
Roman territory to be their playground
what sort of campaign does Octavian run against Antony and Cleopatra?
a propaganda campaign - he calls Antony drunk and incompetent, and says that Cleopatra is seducing him to steal Rome
what does Coniuratio Italian mean?
a sworn oath to Italy
where do Antony and Cleopatra send their ships to defeat Octavian?
a harbour in Actium
who wins the battle against Antony and Cleopatra, and where does it take place?
M. Agrippa, Actium
how do Antony and Cleopatra die?
Cleopatra killed herself with an asp, when Antony discovered this, he killed himself
which of Cleopatra’s children gets put to death?
Caesarion
when Egypt was made a province, how did it differ from all other provinces thus far?
it became a province that Octavian owned. All of the Egyptian wealth went directly to Octavian, not the Roman state
7 reasons as to what caused the end of the Roman Republic
- the acceptance of violence as a political tool
- over ambitious men created by the unchecked competition for power, wealth and prestige
- client armies who owed allegiance to their commanders, not the senate or the people
- a weak, self-serving and morally bankrupt senate
- the granting of extraordinary and illegal powers to commanders over long periods of time
- the opposition of the senate to these commanders and magistrates when their own interests were directly threatened (even when the commanders and magistrates were acting for the greater good)
- the acceptance of these commanders and magistrates and their actions by the senate when their interests coincided
when do the gates of the temple of Janus close?
when Rome is not fighting a war somewhere
who is Janus?
a two faced god, after whom January is named
up until Octavian, how many times had the gates been closed?
twice - under Numa Pompilius and A. Manlius Torquatus
what is the only office Octavian continued to hold (he got rid of all other powers)
consul
what is the First Settlement?
Octavian handed all power back to the senate
what does restitutio rei publicae mean?
restoration of the state
what is the corona civica ?
a laurel crown made of oak leaves and acorns granted to someone for saving Roman citizens lives
what is Imperium Consulare?
power of a consul for a commander in the field. this power is limited by location and is renewed every 5 or 10 years
what do laurel trees symbolize?
victory
how many laurel trees was Octavian given and where did he put them?
2 laurel trees, he put them on either side of his door
what is the clipeus virtutis?
shield of bravery
What does Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus mean and upon whom was the title bestowed?
Imperator = someone who wields power, Augustus is now the term for Emperor, was bestowed upon Octavian
what are the 3 names that Octavian had throughout his life?
Octavius -> Octavian -> Augustus
what was engraved on the Clipeus Virtutis?
Ob Civis Servatos: “On account of having saved the citizens “
how many times was Augustus consul?
13
what is Pater Patriae and upon whom was it bestowed?
means father of the fatherland, bestowed upon Augustus
true or false? Augustus was appointed Pontifex Maximus after Lepidus died
true
what is Auctoritas?
Authority: people obey Augustus because they trust him
which magistrate roles does Augustus reject? (2)
dictatorship and censorship
why does Augustus give up the title of consul?
people are getting upset that he’s getting this title every year, and there was an assassination attempt
what is the second settlement of 23?
Augustus agrees to give up the consulship every year: he’s consul only 2 more times
what is imperium proconsulare maius?
means greater proconsular imperium: means Augustus’ power is greater than any other proconsuls power
what is Augustus’ most important power?
tribunicia potestas: powers of a tribune
how long did it take for all the Emperor’s powers to be ‘bundled’ together?
100 years
who was the longest running emperor until the 5th century?
Augustus
2 main innovations Augustus implemented
- the eradication of the democratic process: nobody votes for the highest positions, the Emperor chooses
- Office by ability rather than office by birth: doesn’t matter anymore if they’re a senator or equestrian or even a freedman
how does Augustus divide the provinces?
the provinces that are mostly peaceful go to the senate, the ones that are more challenging go to the equestrians
how many provinces did Augustus add?
11
4 powers of the emperor for the entire empire
- domini nostri (our lord)
- imperatore caesares
- pontifix maximus
- augustus
who is P. Quinctilius Varus?
one of Augustus’s generals: he’s got 3 legions
where is P. Quinctilius Varus and his army ambushed?
the teutoberg forest
what is the massacre at the teutoberg forest called?
Clades Variana
how does Augustus die?
of natural causes at age 75.
how long did Augustus reign for?
44 years
what was Antony’s role before stepping in to lead Rome after caesar’s assassination?
consul
what was Lepidus’ role before stepping in to lead Rome after caesar’s assassination?
master of the horse
