History & Scope Tox C&D 8

Question 1

Development of early advances in analytical methods:
Marsh
Reinsh
Fresenius and von Babo
Stas-Otto

Answer 1

Marsh: development of method for arsenic analysis

Reinsh: combined method for separation and analysis of As and Hg

Fresenius and von Babo: development of screening method for general poisons

Stas-Otto: detection and identification of phosphorus

Question 2

Early mechanistic studies:
Magendie
Bernard
Bohm

Answer 2

Magendie: study of “arrow poisons,” mechanism of action of emetine and strychnine

Bernard (1850): carbon monoxide combination with hemoglobin, study of MOA of strychnine, site of action of curare

Bohm (ca. 1890): active antihelmintics from fern, action of croton oil catharsis, poisonous mushrooms

Question 3

Introduction of new toxicants and antidotes:
RA Peters, LA Stocken, and RHS Thompson
KK Chen
C. Voegtlin et al
P. Muller
G. Schrader
RN Chopra

Answer 3

RA Peters, LA Stocken, and RHS Thompson: development of British anti-Lewisite (BAL) as a relatively specific antidote for arsenic, toxicity of monofluorocarbon compounds

KK Chen:
introduction of modern antidoes (nitrite and thiosulfate) for cyanide toxicity

C. Voegtlin et al (1923):
MOA of As and other metals on the SH groups

P. Muller:
introduction and study of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and related insecticide compounds

G. Schrader:
introduction and study of organophosphorus compounds

RN Chopra:
indigenous drugs of India

Question 4

Toxicological studies:
RT Williams
A Rothstein
RA Kehoe
A Vorwald
H Hardy
A Hamilton
HC Hodge
A Hoffman
RA Peters
AE Garrod
TT Litchfield and F Wilcoxon
CJ Bliss

Answer 4

RT Williams:
study of detoxication mechanisms and species variation

A Rothstein:
effects of uranium ion on cell membrane transport

RA Kehoe:
investigation of acute and chronic effects of lead

A Vorwald:
studies of chronic respiratory disease (beryllium)

H Hardy:
community and industrial poisoning (beryllium)

A Hamilton:
introduction of modern industrial toxicology

HC Hodge:
toxicology of uranium, fluorides, standards of toxicology

A Hoffman:
introduction of lysergic acid and derivatives, psychotomimetics

RA Peters:
biochemical lesions, lethal synthesis

AE Garrod:
inborn errors of metabolism

TT Litchfield and F Wilcoxon:
simplified dose-response evaluation

CJ Bliss:
method of probits, calculation of dosage-mortality curves