history - russia and china Flashcards
What was the Tsar a representation of
God on earth in Russian orthodox church
what was Russia like in 1815
largest most populated in the world, many languages, ethniticites, religions, but lagged behind in industrialization in economics and social development
what government was russia
autocracy (one leader, dictator, absolute power)
what is the Romanov dynasty
in power since 1613, dictators
what were the things that the Tsar limited
no legislation or constitution, no political parties, no freedom of speech, worship or assembly, press censorship
what is russian serfdom
syst4em in which serfs can be bought and sold with the land on which they live, 1860, serfs compromised 80 percent of population, they made much of the food and lifespan was usually to 35, they still loved the Tsar tho
Alexander ll
known as liberator, emancipation of the serfs, during crimean war, embarresing russian defeat by france and britian so he recognized they needed to reform and he needed to free the serfs before they revolt
what is the emanicipation manifest (1861)
dismanteld syst4em of serfdom, tens of millions of serfs were set free, state took land from nobility and gave it to peasents, peasents still remained poor though because they fell into a trap
what did Alexander ll do with limited reforms
ahe establshed system of local government - zemstvos - elected assemblies to address local issues, legal reforms, trial by jury, public trials, eased censorship but no freedom of press
what happened after the political reforms were made
failed to satisfy russians, peasents now paid rent to state instead of nobles, nobles didn’t like government taking away land, nobility tried convinving peasents to revolt, radical popululist assasinated alexander
what is populist
the common people
what did Alexander lll do
cracked down on political activity, enacted counter - reforms - program of russification aimed at suppressing non russian people
what is russification
making everyone as russian as possible
what are progroms
violent mob attacks on jews - many became refugees and fleed abroad
what was a cause for marxism being to popular
famine in 1891 and 1892 - horribly mismanaged by government, at least half a million peasents died of starvation - led to increased political activism - many educated russians turned to the ideas of german philosopher karl marx
what is bourgeoise
fancy and rich
what is proletariat
the poor
what does socialism lead to
communism
what is capitalism
daughters bakery - resources owned by individuals and operated for profit
what is socialism
community/state controls production and distribution of resources to increase social and economic equality
what is communism
only reached after socialism - no social classes, property ownership or government
what did Tsar Nicholas ll do
industrialization efforts increased in 1890s by 1913 russia was the worlds 5th most industrialized nation - industrialiation led to social unrest - caused bad living and working conditions, low pay - all levels of russians led to dissatisfaction
what was bloody sunday
russia fought war against Japan over control of manchuria and korea, russia lost horribly, russo japenese war unleashed a lot of anger, protestors flooded streets, 150k peaceful protestors marched in petrograd outside of winter palace, soilders opened fire and hundreds were killed and wounded - this launched 1905 revolution
causes for 1905 revolution
caused by bloody sunday, protests and strikes across russia, peasents workers liberals, socialists, soilders, and students demanded reform - terrorist activity spread and officials were assasinated
what was the 1905 revolution
Tsar nicholas ll finally forced to announce reforms that limited power of the tsar - october manifesto - creation of the Duma - elected national legislature - manifesto won over moderators leaving socialists isolated - first duma dissovled by nicholas, appointed conservationist peter stolypin as prime minister - arrests, executions, pogroms, used t resotre order - nicholas ll retained autocratic power and unrest continued
feburary revolution
anger over russia’s political, economic, and social issues led to collapse of the monarchy - Tsar nicholas ll steps down and duma established provisional government- constiteunt assembly cenvened to create new constitution
who were the soviets
council of workers and soilders - at first worked alongside government to maintain order, on soviet call the bolsheviks - radical socialist group - took charge
vladimir Ilyich Lenin
from upper middle class family - brother killed for plotting the kill previous Tsar - leader of bolshevik revolution, socialist political party, anti imperialist and anti ww1
what does bolshevik mean
majority
what did the bolsheviks promise
peace, land, and bread to the working class
october revolution causes
poor governence uder the provisional government and they didn’t like being in ww1, poor living standards amoung working class - lenin and the bolsheviks disolved constiteunt assembly and seized power, leading to civil war
who were the secret police for the bolsheviks
the cheka - they dealt with threats to the new regime
who were the whites
isarists, meshiviks, leberais, and othe parties that wanted to take over the government, and they were supported by japan, britian, france and the us
who were the red
the bolsheviks
why did japan britian france and us join the whites
they viewed communism as a threat to capitalism
how did the whites beat the reds
lenin knew that victory over the whites required peace with germany, so he created the treaty of brest - litovsh, this made peach with germany but at an enormus cos because Russia gave over poland, ukraine, finland, and the baltic states they lost 34% of population, 32% of agricultural lands, 54% of industry and 89% of coal mines this treaty angered many russians, lasted 5 years and 13 million died
what happened at the begining of the russian civil war
the cheka executed the romanov family because they were worried the whites would find them, white armies spread across russia but had no central organization - red army was ultimitly victorious, bolshevik victory marked beginning of 70 years of authoritarian rule
explain the government of the soviet union
private land ownership ended - and the land was distrubuted to peasents - workers were given control of factories and mines
new flag with hammer and sickle - workers and peasents
only members of communist party had a say in the government
leon trotsky
lenin successor - marxis intellecual, strong orator, one of the architects of the bolshevik revoltion
joseph stalin
lenin successor - not an intellectual, skilled politician, but brutish and violent, became leader of ussr until his death
what does China sell to the west
silk, porcelain, and tea, exports more than it imports
what was the opium war
britian figures out it can make a fortune trading opium (grown in Indio) for tea thatt is grown in China. China became addicted and asks britian to stop but Britian does not and so a war erupts and China easily looses to british technology
what was the treaty of nanjing
it was for the opium war, china must agree to pay for costs of war, britian gains Hon Kong, Brits living in china don’t have to answer to chinese law, if china makes any agreements with another nation, britian automatically recieves the same deal, US and France soon forced China to sign unfiar trading treaties as well
what was the growing problem in china
Qing dysnasty declining, poor irrigation, massive flooding, population increases not met with sufficient food production, extravigent living by the rich tax evasions, widespread corruptioon leads to uprising
what was the Taiping rebellion
led by Hong Xuiquan - goals to create heavenly kingdom of great place using a combo of confucian and christian teachings, radical changed called for community ownership of property, gender equality, and strict morality. It goes on for 15 years and almost succeeds but 20 million dies, and the Qing government goes on but is not as powerful. Europe takes advatage of weakened China, russia takes parts of northern china
wht was the first sino japanese war
china loses badly: Japan takes korea and Taiwan - western powers swoop in like vultures (Britian France Germany and Russia all seize land
what was the open door policy and 100 days of reform
USA wants ot be sure tradee continues uninterupted, europe agrees no one consolled china, defeated and humilitated, China looked for scapegoat, blame placed on officials for not modernizing China, emporer Guang Xu starts 100 days of reform, new laws, more efficient government, new industries, conversative backlash brought it to an end and Guang Xi imprisoned
what was the boxer uprising
the righteos harmonious fists expel the “foriegn devils” polluting the land with non-chinese culture, archit4ecture and technology, attack and kill forgeigners throughout china, multinational forcesupresses the rebelion, more concessions, westernization, students sent about, women educated, busness and working class emerge
what is Chinese nationalism
sin quxian “Father of moder china” had 3 principles - nationalism, representative government, economic security. Qing dynasty ends 1911, ending 4000urs of dynastics rule, Sun Yixian becomes first president of Chinese republic, almost always at war with itself or invaders
What was China like in the 20th century
chinese republic in China, sun qixian (first president) give up control to Yuan Shikai (a general) hoping to create a strong central government, in reality, Yuan wants to restory monarchy, also pushing for modernization, Yuan dies very early on and bring country to chiaos, local war lords, rival armies, famine, bandits misery
foreign imperialism in china
foreign powers increase influence over china during this instability - twenty one demands - japan sought to make china a protectorate at paris peace confrence japan granted parts of china germany used to control, nationalists angered, leading to reform movement, the may forth movemnets
what was the may 4 movement
a cultural and intellectual movement to strengthen china, they felt like China was being pushed around, take the best of the west and use knowledge to end foreign interference, reject old confucian ways, instead, embrace western sciency, democracy, nationalism. Confucianism - a philisophy that encouraged 5 relationships, confuciansim was old, students felt like china was old, women played major role in the movemnet, led to new ways for people to understand things, new ideas, and modernizations
birth of chinese communism
some turned to ideas of marx and lenin, inspired by russian revolution soviet union trained chinese students and military officers to become a canguard of a communnist revolution
what is a vanguard
the leaders who were trained to lead the rest of the chinese to a revolution
the nationlist and Chian Kia Shek
following suns death, Chiang a young army officer takes control of the guomindnag nationlist party, wanted to unite china, and smash the power of local warlords, initially he was helped by communist forces in china, STARTING FROM THE SOUTH, BEINGS NORTHERN EXPIDITIONS (TAKE DOWN WAR LORDS) TO COMBINE FORCES AND UNITED CHINA
what happens after Chiang Kai shek takes power
takes control but then turns on the communists begining a 22 years long civil war
communism and Mao Zedong
leader of communist, believed chinas future was in the stength of the peasents, LONG MARCH, VERY LONG AND DIFFICULT JOURNEY THAT MAO AND HIS SUPPORTS WENT ON (TWO YEARS) Guomindang attempts to exterminations campaigns against the communists, mao and his followers treck 6000 miles over 2 years to survive maos soilders were told to treat the peasents with respect legacy: symbol of communist heroism, inspires new recruits, communists establish new base in north china
second sino japanese war
japan takes advatage of chinas division for a short time, the nationalists and communists united against Japan, Japan took control of nanking, killing and torturing thousands of chinese soulders and civilians, became known and rape of nanking, the soviet union, great britian, france, and the us economic and military support united chinese against japan (time period overlap with world war 2) mao and Chiang mostly put aside different to fight external threats
chinese communists vietong
1949, chiang kia shek and the nationalist forced to retreat to taiwan, intended to be temporary while they regrouped but they ended up staying and establish a republic
why did mao win
support of peasents, redistribution of land to peasents, ended oppressions by land lords and local taxes, rejected “help” (imperialism) from the west
how did they remake chinese life
goal was to transform china from peasent society to mondern industrial state, government controls economy - nationalists business, increases coal and steel production, to increase agriculture, imposed collectivazations - forced pooling of land and labor to increase productivity, positive improvements, better educations, hygiene and health care, women rights
what was the communism toll
one party governments, chinese communists party, tollitarian government suppressed all religious practices ecspecially christians and buddhist, protest banked “counter revolution” labor and reeducation camps established to toture
what was the great leap forwards
mao zedone he meets with khrushehev soviet communist leader who boasts that the USSR will exceed the US economic output in 15 years, mao is inspired to have china exceed britian, intention, massive increase in industial and agricultural output. creation of communes - ban of private property, lots of cheap labor should eliminate need for investmnets in machinerty, BACKYARD INDUSTRIES TO CREATE STEEL AND GOODS, outcome, complete failure due to commune system slowed food and prodution, backyard goods were useless to to famine 55 million dead startved to death over 2 years
what was the cultural revolution
despite failure of great leap forward, mao still wanted to classless society - goals, elimated bourgeouis, tenencies anything ressembling a class system, attacked teachers, artists, anything western, eliminate the gour old, ideas culture custom and habits, red guard formed for teens, mao’s little red book becomes most important source of knowledge, childen were encouraged to spy of their teachers, parents, the accused were humiliated toutured , sent to labor camps or killed
chinas friendship with the soviet union
despite friendship, still didn’t trust mao and stalin disagreed on marxist ideology, mao - peasents are the major force behind communist revolution, stalin “revolutionary eilt of urban intellectuals and workers
china and the us
supported opposite sides of the war, us saw china as aggressive communist nation, as cold war went on US tried to play china and USSR off each other, attempt to isolate soviets between nato and the west and china in the east, 1971 china admitted to united nations 1979 formal diplomatic relations established between china and the US
