history - Holocaust Flashcards
how many people were killed in the Holocaust
6 million but really 12 million
who else was killed in the Holocaust
LDGBTQ
people with disabilitys
Roma people (scam artist)
what is Antisemistism
predjustice or hatred toward jews
Isreal used to be
Palestine
what happened to the Jews under the Roman empire
wouldn’t worship Roman gods and stuck to their identity, became outsiders and then travelled to Europe (wouldn’t treat the rulers like Gods)
Christians problems with the Jews
wouldn’t convert and they thought they killed Jesus
explain the Crusades
Pope Urban ll approved, bribed boys to be soilders, boys were sent down to Jerusalem to kill Muslims but Jews and Christian were also there so they also killed Jews
the Blood Libel
accused Jews of using Blood of christian children in religous celebrations
well - poisening and the Black Plague
Jews were accused of poisening the wells in Chritian towns, and where also accused of starting Black Plague even though it was started in china
Why were Jews Bankers (1400s)
Jews were forced out of many proffesions, except banking because Christiants were not allowed to charge interest, but it was also against jewish law but it was the only thing left
1700s
Jews forced into gated Ghettos in many countries guarded by Christians
the protocols of the Elders of Zion
fake document stating how to Jews were going to take over the world realesed after WW!, Henry Ford backed it up
what is Social Darwinism
belief that races are not equal and that the White race is superior
what is Eugenics
the Science of Race (some thought Jewish genes weekend the gene pool)
what is Authoritarian
all the power in one person
what is Fascism
centralized, authoritarian government, policies for the country over the people, restriction of individual human rights, extreme nationalism, glorification of blind loyaly to the state, attacks on the press, social darwinism, anti-democratic
symbol for Fascism
Fasces, axe covered in Rods
Mussolini
make it great again - inspired Hilter and Franco to adopt similar ideas because strength, stability, confidence, national pride
hilter was born in
Austria
NAZI standes for
National Socialist German Workers Party
beer hall putsh
small scale coup in Munich that fails because they didn’t have any power yet
book he writes after being put in jail
Mein Kampf
who does Hitler appeal to
Veterans, unemployed workers, lower classes
what does Hitler promise
end reparations, create jobs, rearm Germany
germany expansion
lebensraum
president Paul Von Hidenburg does what
appoints Hitler as Chacellor, like he speaker
after the Reichstag fire, Hitler convinces Hidenburg to
suspend freedom of the press, suspend freedom of expression, suspend freedom to hold public assemblies, and allows police to detain citizens without a cause
Hitler does what after becoming Fuhrer
declared Third Reich
who does he blame for the Reichstag fire
the communist
what were the rights taken away from the Jews
No german citizenship
no marrige of non jews
no schooling or teaching
no government jobs
to practice of law
to practice of medicine
no publishing
assassination of Ernst Vom Rath
Herschel Grynszpan shot German diplomat in paris, revengge for expulsion of thousands of Polish Jews living in Germany - Nazi leadership used the occasion as an excuse to launch antisemetic violence across Germany
when did Vom Rath die
the anniverary of Hitler attempted coup
what does Kristallnacht mean
the night of broken glass
why were they dressed as civilians for the Kristallnacht
to make it look like it wasn’t set up
aftermath of Kristallnacht
jews blamed for everything, had to pay the costs of damages, dozens of anti-jewish laws and decrees enacted further restricting right of german jews
attempts to emigrate
Nazis tried to promote Jewish emigration but encounterd trouble, jews fleeing Germany had trouble finding nations that would accept them, france already had 40.000 jewish refugees and did not want more and british worried about fueling anti-semitism and refused to admit more than 80.000, most German Jews had no where to go
what was the Evian confrence
confrence of all the worlds leaders, wondering what to do about the Jews, no one wanted to fuel anti-semitism in their country, they also feared that they were enemey agents and it was all just a setup, also isolationism and not wanting to get involved bc still hurt by the depression and the Jews would take jobs
Albert Einstien
average Jew had little chance of reaching the United States, but 100,000 other refugees were accepted into the US because they were really smart
St. Louis
German ship left with 937 jewish passengers, went to Cuba originally, didn’t allow entry, then went to Miami, most had immigration paper but coast guard preventd them from dembarking, the ship was forced to return to Europe, more than half of the passengers were later killed in the Holocaust 4 countries took some of them in though
what happened when the nazis took over poland
it was quickly taken over, from the jews they took away basic rights, forced to wear star of david, closure of schools and synagogues, forbiden to walk on parts of the streets, violence and exectutions became daily occurences
explain the warsaw ghetto
mainly in northern districts, surrounded by brick wall and closed off, 1.3 square miles and closing people had to move to get out of the ghetto or get in
death penalty in ghettos
general governor hans frank issued death penatly on people who leave the designated district without authorization, and those who knew that they were hiding jews
lifes in the ghettos
people were rounded up to use and laborers, there was disease, death and food shortages, underground education
the great liquidation action
akiton reinhardt, they would ship the jews out to extermination camps
uprising from great liquidation
very few remained in ghettos, jewish combat organization and jewish military union smuggled guns in, when nazis came into the camp wanting to completely erase everything, the jews fought back but were quickly defeated and the whole place was burned to the ground.
heinrich himmler
leader of SS (protection squads or schutzstaffel) elite unit of nazi army, he was the second most powerful man, right under hitler, implimented final solution, created system of concentration camps and established eisatzgruppen
einsatzgruppen
special military units that followed german army during invasions and occupations, “mobile killing squads” role was to carry out mass shootings, taken to killing sites and shots and dug out whole for them there
gas vans
mass shootings took too many supplies and hurt moral of army, special gas vans were made, pumped carbon monoxide into van
wannsee conference
ss lieutenant gernal reinhard heydrich, commander of the einsatzgruppen, convened 15 nazi leaders to meet outside a villa in berlin - goal was to find the final solution to the jewish question - final solution was made in 90 minutes, 11 million jews condemed to death, not a single person objected during the discussions
the final solution
jews rounded up in ghetttos, used as slaver labors, survivers were sent to resettlement areas in the east, many died on the train with no food or water, overworked, starved, beaten, but could not kill fast enough, found poinesss Kyklon B, made six extermination camps to carry out final solution
going into aushwitz and birkenau
they had three camps, including killing center, when they got there they went through a process of selection, many sent for special “treatment”, which included women, children under 16, the sick and ederly, healthy workers were sent to be overworked
nazi medical experiments
Josef mengele was one of the doctors to preform medical expirements that were inhumane, tested mass sterilization methods, killed and dissected, preformed unneccesary prosedures with no drugs, and preformed on twins.
gas chambers
those were weren’t chosen to go to labor camps were sent to gas chambers, they went into the room, they were told to undress and then they were led into another room and they would put showers in there that would do Zyklon B, then the laborers, that were jews, would remove the bodies. they would also cut womens hair for furnature, and remove jewrly and dental work also beforhand, then bodies were creamated because it hid evidence and buring had the problem of smell, bones and ashes were put into rivers
allies knowledge before hand
they had reports but nothing much, already in our own war, polish government sent reports of mass murders but we just couldn’t believe it, allies went through camps and saw everything first hand, first camp to be freed in majdanek
how did they destroy evidence
buildings and records were destroyed, in auschwitz survivors were forced to go on a march and camp was abandoned, people died during this, when allies came, they found tons of human hair, clothing, and corpses
the nuremberg trials
22 prominent and influential nazi officers, government officials, and party leaders were put on trial, chose nuremberg for location because focal point of nazi propaganda rallies the defendent (nazis) did not have any say in the selection of the judges and could not appeal the appointment of any of the justices, and they were charged with charges that had never ben legally defined in international law, many claimed that the charges were created after they were committed and therefore invalid, also said that other countries did the same things, like us in the japenese
resettlement of survivors
most survivors had to rebuuild their entire lives, first step was medical care and food, second step was housing, third step was finding jobs
the london charter
used during nuremberg trials, an agreement between the allied powers, set the procedures for the trial, the london charter created the international military tribunal which was the court that held the nuremberg trials, each of the four allied nations would appoint judges and a prosecution team
crimes and sentences of nuremberg trials
charged with one or more of the following crimes, crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity.
