History/Role of School Counselor

Question 1

Benefits of ASCA membership?

Answer 1

School counseling magazines 
Continuing education courses 
Liability insurance 
Networking 
Use ASCA logo on business cards

Question 2

When did vocational counseling begin as a profession in the US?

Answer 2

Early 1900s

Question 3

How did counseling shift in the 1920s?

Answer 3

It became more about personal adjustment

Question 4

What was “pupil personnel services” and when was it created?

Answer 4

Pupil personnel services was a shift in counseling in the 1930s. It focused more heavily on guidance services for students, and it provided more structure to the profession.

Question 5

What was the federal legislation that impacted school counseling in the 1940s and 1950s?

Answer 5

Vocational Educational Act of 1946

National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958

Question 6

When was ASCA formed?

Answer 6

1952

Question 7

How did counseling change in the 1960s-1980s?

Answer 7

People questioned the validity of counseling
Calls to organize the profession around clear goals grew louder
The conversation and debate continued: Should it be about guidance, counseling, or guidance counseling?
This led to development of ASCA national model

Question 8

When was the ASCA National Model created?

Answer 8

2003

Question 9

When did federal legislation change terminology from guidance to school counselor?

Answer 9

2001

Question 10

What was the purpose of the (original) ASCA National Model?

Answer 10

Provided consistency and standardization to school counseling programs across the country. States adopted the National Model from 2003-present.

Question 11

What was Carl Rogers role in the development school counseling?

Answer 11

His “client centered” approach influenced counselors and their way of working with kids in schools.

Question 12

What is the “Foundation” portion of the ASCA National Model?

Answer 12

Create comprehensive programs focused on student outcomes, teach student competencies and are delivered with identified professional competencies.

Question 13

What is the “Management” portion of the ASCA model?

Answer 13

Incorporate organizational assessments and tools that are concrete, clearly delineated and reflective of the school’s needs

Question 14

What is the “Delivery” portion of the ASCA model?

Answer 14

Provide services to students, parents, school staff and the community

Question 15

What is the “Accountability” portion of the ASCA model?

Answer 15

Utilize assessment tools to determine:

• How students are different because of school counseling program
• Impact of school counseling on attendance, achievement, behavior, etc.
• The performance of the school counselor

Question 16

What are the three forms of student development that the ASCA model focuses on?

Answer 16

Academic, Career, and Social/Emotional

Question 17

Appropriate or inappropriate task for school counselor: Provide long-term counseling to address psychological needs of students

Answer 17

Inappropriate

Question 18

Appropriate or inappropriate task for school counselor: Computing GPA for students

Answer 18

Inappropriate; counselors should analyze that data but not put it into the system

Question 19

Appropriate or inappropriate task for school counselor: protecting student records and information
per state and federal regulations

Answer 19

Appropriate

Question 20

Appropriate or inappropriate task for school counselor: Signing passes for students who are tardy or absent

Answer 20

Inappropriate – counselors should provide counseling to students who are tardy or absent but not be in charge of writing passes for them.

Question 21

What are three direct services school counselors provide?

Answer 21

Instruction
Appraisal and Advisement
Counseling

Question 22

Appropriate or inappropriate task for school counselor: Supervising classrooms or common areas

Answer 22

Inappropriate

Question 23

Appropriate or inappropriate task for school counselor: Interpreting student data

Answer 23

Appropriate

Question 24

What are some milestones for children ages 2-3?

Answer 24

• HEIGHT AND WEIGHT INCREASE SLOWER THAN IN INFANCY
• BALANCE IMPROVES
• PUTS ON AND REMOVES SIMPLE ITEMS OF CLOTHING
• UNDERSTANDS THE SYMBOLIC FUNCTION OF PHOTOS
• RECOGNITION MEMORY IS WELL DEVELOPED
• BEGINS TO COUNT
• VOCABULARY INCREASES (SPEAKS IN SIMPLE SENTENCES) – DISPLAYS EFFECTIVE CONVERSATIONAL SKILLS.
• UNDERSTANDS CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND BEHAVIORAL SIGNS OF BASIC EMOTIONS.
• BEGINS TO DEVELOP SELF-CONCEPT AND SELF-ESTEEM

Question 25

What are some milestones for children ages 3-4?

Answer 25

- RUNNING, JUMPING, HOPPING, THROWING, AND CATCHING; BECOME BETTER COORDINATED - GRASPS CONVERSATIONS - SORTS FAMILIAR OBJECTS - KNOWS THE MEANING OF NUMBERS UP TO 10 - COINS NEW WORDS BASED ON KNOWN WORDS - MASTERS INCREASINGLY COMPLEX GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES - ADJUSTS SPEECH TO FIT THE AGE, SEX, AND SOCIAL STATUS OF LISTENERS - DESCRIBES SELF IN TERMS OF OBSERVABLE CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPICAL EMOTIONS AND ATTITUDES - RELIES MORE ON LANGUAGE TO EXPRESS EMPATHY - FORMS FIRST FRIENDSHIPS (PREFERS SAME-SEX FRIENDS) - DISTINGUISHES TRUTHFULNESS FROM LYING

Question 26

What are some milestones for children ages 5-6?

Answer 26

- STARTS TO LOOSE PRIMARY TEETH - TIES SHOES - COPIES SOME NUMBERS AND SIMPLE WORDS (LEARNS TO PRINT NAME) - IMPROVES THE ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH APPEARANCE FROM REALITY - MAGICAL BELIEFS DECLINE - GAINS EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING (PLANNING) - IMPROVES: RECOGNITION, RECALL, SCRIPTED MEMORY AND AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY - UNDERSTANDS HOW LETTERS AND SOUNDS ARE LINKED - BY AGE 6 CHILDREN SHOULD HAVE MASTERED APPROXIMATELY 10,000 WORDS - IMPROVES IN EMOTIONAL UNDERSTANDING, -INCLUDING THE ABILITY TO INTERPRET, PREDICT, AND INFLUENCE OTHERS’ EMOTIONAL REACTIONS - HAS ACQUIRED MORALLY RELEVANT RULES AND BEHAVIORS

Question 27

What are some milestones for children ages 6-8?

Answer 27

-PERMANENT TEETH GRADUALLY REPLACE PRIMARY TEETH -LEGIBILITY OF WRITING INCREASES -GAMES WITH RULES AND ROUGH-AND-TUMBLE PLAY BECOME COMMON -THOUGHT BECOMES MORE LOGICAL INFORMATION and PROCESSING SPEED INCREASES -GAINS FURTHER EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING (FLEXIBLE SHIFTING OF ATTENTION, WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY, PLANNING ON MULTISTEP TASKS) USES MEMORY STRATEGIES (REHEARSAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL) -MASTER COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL SKILLS -REACHES COMPREHENSION OF 40,000 WORDS -WORD DEFINITIONS ARE CONCRETE -UNDERSTANDING OR IRONY AND SARCASM DEVELOP SELF-CONCEPT INCREASES (PERSONALITY TRAITS, COMPETENCIES,) -RESOLVES CONFLICTS MORE EFFECTIVELY -RECOGNIZES THAT PEOPLE CAN EXPERIENCE MORE THAN ONE EMOTION AT A TIME

Question 28

Milestones for children ages 9-11?

Answer 28

-ADOLESCENTS GROWTH SPURT BEGINS (2 YEARS EARLIER IN GIRLS THAN IN BOYS) -BETTER COORDINATION IN EXECUTING GROSS -MOTOR SKILLS (RUNNING, JUMPING, CATCHING) SPATIAL REASONING IMPROVES (UNDERSTANDS AND CAN READ MAPS) -COGNITIVE AND SELF-REGULATION IMPROVES -GRASPS MULTIPLE MEANINGS OF WORDS -DISTINGUISHES ABILITY, EFFORT, AND EXTERNAL FACTORS (SUCH AS LUCK)IN ATTRIBUTIONS TO SUCCESS AND FAILURE -BECOMES MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE ABOUT SOCIALLY EXPECTABLE WAYS TO EXPRESS NEGATIVE EMOTIONS (LINKS MORAL RULES AND SOCIAL CONVENTIONS) -FRIENDSHIPS BECOME MORE SELECTIVE AND ARE BASED ON MUTUAL TRUST (PEER GROUPS EMERGE) -BECOMES MORE AWARE OF GENDER STEREOTYPES (GENDER IDENTITY EXPANDS) -SIBLING RIVALRY TENDS TO INCREASE

Question 29

Milestones for children ages 11-14 (early adolescence)?

Answer 29

- GIRLS REACH PEAK OR GROWTHS SPURT, ADDS MORE BODY FAT THAN MUSCLE, AND BEGINS TO MENSTRUATE. - BOYS BEGINS GROWTHS SPURTS, STARTS TO EJACULATE SEMINAL FLUID - AWARENESS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION - REACTS MORE STRONGLY TO STRESSFUL EVENTS - GAINS DEDUCTIVE REASONING AND SCIENTIFIC REASONING - BECOMES MORE SELF-CONSCIOUS AND SELF-FOCUSED - MOODINESS AND PARENT-CHILD CONFLICT INCREASE - SPENDS LESS TIME WITH PARENTS AND SIBLINGS AND MORE TIME WITH PEERS - PEER GROUPS BECOME ORGANIZED INTO SAME SEX CLIQUES (FRIENDSHIPS DECLINE IN NUMBERS.

Question 30

Milestones in children ages 14-16 (middle adolescence)?

Answer 30

- GIRLS COMPLETE GROWTH SPURTS - BOYS REACH PEAK OF GROWTH SPURTS, VOICES DEEPEN, ADD MUSCLE WHILE BODY FAT DECLINES, AND MOTOR PERFORMANCE IMPROVES. - MAY BE SEXUALLY ACTIVE - IMPROVES EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING (METACOGNITION, SELF-REGULATION) - BECOMES LESS SELF-CONSCIOUS AND SELF-FOCUSED - IMPROVES DECISION MAKING SKILLS - INCREASINGLY EMPHASIZES IDEAL RECIPROCITY AND SOCIETAL LAWS AS THE BASIS FOR RESOLVING MORAL DILEMMAS. - MIXED SEX CLIQUES BECOME COMMON - BEGINS TO START DATING

Question 31

Milestones for adults ages 18-30?

Answer 31

- ATHLETIC SKILLS THAT REQUIRE SPEED OF LIMB MOVEMENT, ENDURANCE AND ARM-HAND STEADINESS PEAK (THEN DECLINE) - DECLINES IN TOUCH SENSITIVITY, CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY CAPACITY, IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTIONING, AND SKIN ELASTICITY BEGINS. - GRADUAL WEIGHT GAIN BEGINS (CONTINUES THROUGH MIDDLE ADULT HOOD) - SEXUAL ACTIVITY INCREASES - DUALISTIC THINKING DECLINES IN FAVOR OF REALISTIC THINKING (COLLEGE EDUCATED ADULTS) - NARROWS VOCATIONAL OPTIONS - GAINS COGNITIVE – AFFECTIVE COMPLEXITY - DEVELOPS EXPERTISE (ENHANCES PROBLEM SOLVING) - MAY INCREASE IN CREATIVITY - FORMS A MORE COMPLEX SELF CONCEPT - LEAVES THE PARENTAL HOME PERMANENTLY (CAREER OR HIGHER EDUCATION) - STRIVES TO MAKE A LONG TERM, INTIMATE CONNECTION WITH A PARTNER

Question 32

Milestones for 30-40 year olds?

Answer 32

- DECLINES IN VISION AND HEARING - REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY DECLINES (WOMEN) - FERTILITY PROBLEMS INCREASE - SEMEN VOLUME AND SPERM MOTILITY DECREASE (MEN) - HAIR BEGINS TO GRAY AND THIN - SEXUAL ACTIVITY DECLINES - CONTINUES TO DEVELOP EXPERTISE IN CHOSEN CAREER FIELD - CREATIVE ACCOMPLISHMENT OFTEN PEAKS - MAY COHABITATE, MARRY AND BECOME PARENTS - INCREASINGLY ESTABLISHES A NICHE IN SOCIETY THROUGH FAMILY, OCCUPATIONAL, AND COMMUNITY COMMITMENTS

Question 33

Milestones for 50-65 year-olds?

Answer 33

- EYES LOSE THE CAPACITY TO ADJUST TO OBJECTS AT VARYING DISTANCES - HEARING LOSS GRADUALLY EXTENDS TO ALL FREQUENCIES (REMAINS GREATEST FOR HIGH FREQUENCIES) - SKIN CONTINUES TO WRINKLE AND SAG - MENOPAUSE OCCURS (WOMEN) - INABILITY TO OBTAIN AN ERECTION - LOSS OF BONE MASS CONTINUES - HEIGHT BEGINS TO DROP (COLLAPSE OF DISKS IN THE SPINAL COLUMN) - EMOTIONAL SUPPORT AND PRACTICAL ASSISTANCE OF AGING PARENTS INCREASE. - MAY RETIRE

Question 34

Development in late adulthood (age 80+)?

Answer 34

- MOBILITY DIMINISHES AS MUSCLE AND BONE STRENGTH AND JOINT FLEXIBILITY DECLINE - FLUID INTELLIGENCE DECLINE FURTHER; CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE DECLINES (MODESTLY) - MAY DEVELOP GEROTRANCEDENCE ( A COSMIC PERSPECTIVE DIRECTED BEYOND THE SELF) - RELATIONSHIPS WITH ADULT CHILDREN BECOME MORE IMPORTANT - FREQUENCY AND VARIETY OF LEISURE AND VOLUNTEER ACTIVITIES MAY DECLINE.