History/Role of School Counselor Flashcards
Benefits of ASCA membership?
School counseling magazines Continuing education courses Liability insurance Networking Use ASCA logo on business cards
When did vocational counseling begin as a profession in the US?
Early 1900s
How did counseling shift in the 1920s?
It became more about personal adjustment
What was “pupil personnel services” and when was it created?
Pupil personnel services was a shift in counseling in the 1930s. It focused more heavily on guidance services for students, and it provided more structure to the profession.
What was the federal legislation that impacted school counseling in the 1940s and 1950s?
Vocational Educational Act of 1946
National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958
When was ASCA formed?
1952
How did counseling change in the 1960s-1980s?
People questioned the validity of counseling
Calls to organize the profession around clear goals grew louder
The conversation and debate continued: Should it be about guidance, counseling, or guidance counseling?
This led to development of ASCA national model
When was the ASCA National Model created?
2003
When did federal legislation change terminology from guidance to school counselor?
2001
What was the purpose of the (original) ASCA National Model?
Provided consistency and standardization to school counseling programs across the country. States adopted the National Model from 2003-present.
What was Carl Rogers role in the development school counseling?
His “client centered” approach influenced counselors and their way of working with kids in schools.
What is the “Foundation” portion of the ASCA National Model?
Create comprehensive programs focused on student outcomes, teach student competencies and are delivered with identified professional competencies.
What is the “Management” portion of the ASCA model?
Incorporate organizational assessments and tools that are concrete, clearly delineated and reflective of the school’s needs
What is the “Delivery” portion of the ASCA model?
Provide services to students, parents, school staff and the community
What is the “Accountability” portion of the ASCA model?
Utilize assessment tools to determine:
- How students are different because of school counseling program
- Impact of school counseling on attendance, achievement, behavior, etc.
- The performance of the school counselor
What are the three forms of student development that the ASCA model focuses on?
Academic, Career, and Social/Emotional
Appropriate or inappropriate task for school counselor: Provide long-term counseling to address psychological needs of students
Inappropriate
Appropriate or inappropriate task for school counselor: Computing GPA for students
Inappropriate; counselors should analyze that data but not put it into the system
Appropriate or inappropriate task for school counselor: protecting student records and information
per state and federal regulations
Appropriate
Appropriate or inappropriate task for school counselor: Signing passes for students who are tardy or absent
Inappropriate – counselors should provide counseling to students who are tardy or absent but not be in charge of writing passes for them.
What are three direct services school counselors provide?
Instruction
Appraisal and Advisement
Counseling
Appropriate or inappropriate task for school counselor: Supervising classrooms or common areas
Inappropriate
Appropriate or inappropriate task for school counselor: Interpreting student data
Appropriate
What are some milestones for children ages 2-3?
- HEIGHT AND WEIGHT INCREASE SLOWER THAN IN INFANCY
- BALANCE IMPROVES
- PUTS ON AND REMOVES SIMPLE ITEMS OF CLOTHING
- UNDERSTANDS THE SYMBOLIC FUNCTION OF PHOTOS
- RECOGNITION MEMORY IS WELL DEVELOPED
- BEGINS TO COUNT
- VOCABULARY INCREASES (SPEAKS IN SIMPLE SENTENCES) – DISPLAYS EFFECTIVE CONVERSATIONAL SKILLS.
- UNDERSTANDS CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND BEHAVIORAL SIGNS OF BASIC EMOTIONS.
- BEGINS TO DEVELOP SELF-CONCEPT AND SELF-ESTEEM
What are some milestones for children ages 3-4?
- RUNNING, JUMPING, HOPPING, THROWING, AND CATCHING; BECOME BETTER COORDINATED
- GRASPS CONVERSATIONS
- SORTS FAMILIAR OBJECTS
- KNOWS THE MEANING OF NUMBERS UP TO 10
- COINS NEW WORDS BASED ON KNOWN WORDS
- MASTERS INCREASINGLY COMPLEX GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES
- ADJUSTS SPEECH TO FIT THE AGE, SEX, AND SOCIAL STATUS OF LISTENERS
- DESCRIBES SELF IN TERMS OF OBSERVABLE CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPICAL EMOTIONS AND ATTITUDES
- RELIES MORE ON LANGUAGE TO EXPRESS EMPATHY
- FORMS FIRST FRIENDSHIPS (PREFERS SAME-SEX FRIENDS)
- DISTINGUISHES TRUTHFULNESS FROM LYING
What are some milestones for children ages 5-6?
- STARTS TO LOOSE PRIMARY TEETH
- TIES SHOES
- COPIES SOME NUMBERS AND SIMPLE WORDS (LEARNS TO PRINT NAME)
- IMPROVES THE ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH APPEARANCE FROM REALITY
- MAGICAL BELIEFS DECLINE
- GAINS EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING (PLANNING)
- IMPROVES: RECOGNITION, RECALL, SCRIPTED MEMORY AND AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY
- UNDERSTANDS HOW LETTERS AND SOUNDS ARE LINKED
- BY AGE 6 CHILDREN SHOULD HAVE MASTERED APPROXIMATELY 10,000 WORDS
- IMPROVES IN EMOTIONAL UNDERSTANDING, -INCLUDING THE ABILITY TO INTERPRET, PREDICT, AND INFLUENCE OTHERS’ EMOTIONAL REACTIONS
- HAS ACQUIRED MORALLY RELEVANT RULES AND BEHAVIORS
What are some milestones for children ages 6-8?
-PERMANENT TEETH GRADUALLY REPLACE PRIMARY TEETH
-LEGIBILITY OF WRITING INCREASES
-GAMES WITH RULES AND ROUGH-AND-TUMBLE PLAY BECOME COMMON
-THOUGHT BECOMES MORE LOGICAL
INFORMATION and PROCESSING SPEED INCREASES
-GAINS FURTHER EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING (FLEXIBLE SHIFTING OF ATTENTION, WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY, PLANNING ON MULTISTEP TASKS)
USES MEMORY STRATEGIES (REHEARSAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL)
-MASTER COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL SKILLS
-REACHES COMPREHENSION OF 40,000 WORDS
-WORD DEFINITIONS ARE CONCRETE
-UNDERSTANDING OR IRONY AND SARCASM DEVELOP
SELF-CONCEPT INCREASES (PERSONALITY TRAITS, COMPETENCIES,)
-RESOLVES CONFLICTS MORE EFFECTIVELY
-RECOGNIZES THAT PEOPLE CAN EXPERIENCE MORE THAN ONE EMOTION AT A TIME
Milestones for children ages 9-11?
-ADOLESCENTS GROWTH SPURT BEGINS (2 YEARS EARLIER IN GIRLS THAN IN BOYS)
-BETTER COORDINATION IN EXECUTING GROSS -MOTOR SKILLS (RUNNING, JUMPING, CATCHING)
SPATIAL REASONING IMPROVES (UNDERSTANDS AND CAN READ MAPS)
-COGNITIVE AND SELF-REGULATION IMPROVES
-GRASPS MULTIPLE MEANINGS OF WORDS
-DISTINGUISHES ABILITY, EFFORT, AND EXTERNAL FACTORS (SUCH AS LUCK)IN ATTRIBUTIONS TO SUCCESS AND FAILURE
-BECOMES MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE ABOUT SOCIALLY EXPECTABLE WAYS TO EXPRESS NEGATIVE EMOTIONS (LINKS MORAL RULES AND SOCIAL CONVENTIONS)
-FRIENDSHIPS BECOME MORE SELECTIVE AND ARE BASED ON MUTUAL TRUST (PEER GROUPS EMERGE)
-BECOMES MORE AWARE OF GENDER STEREOTYPES (GENDER IDENTITY EXPANDS)
-SIBLING RIVALRY TENDS TO INCREASE
Milestones for children ages 11-14 (early adolescence)?
- GIRLS REACH PEAK OR GROWTHS SPURT, ADDS MORE BODY FAT THAN MUSCLE, AND BEGINS TO MENSTRUATE.
- BOYS BEGINS GROWTHS SPURTS, STARTS TO EJACULATE SEMINAL FLUID
- AWARENESS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION
- REACTS MORE STRONGLY TO STRESSFUL EVENTS
- GAINS DEDUCTIVE REASONING AND SCIENTIFIC REASONING
- BECOMES MORE SELF-CONSCIOUS AND SELF-FOCUSED
- MOODINESS AND PARENT-CHILD CONFLICT INCREASE
- SPENDS LESS TIME WITH PARENTS AND SIBLINGS AND MORE TIME WITH PEERS
- PEER GROUPS BECOME ORGANIZED INTO SAME SEX CLIQUES (FRIENDSHIPS DECLINE IN NUMBERS.
Milestones in children ages 14-16 (middle adolescence)?
- GIRLS COMPLETE GROWTH SPURTS
- BOYS REACH PEAK OF GROWTH SPURTS, VOICES DEEPEN, ADD MUSCLE WHILE BODY FAT DECLINES, AND MOTOR PERFORMANCE IMPROVES.
- MAY BE SEXUALLY ACTIVE
- IMPROVES EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING (METACOGNITION, SELF-REGULATION)
- BECOMES LESS SELF-CONSCIOUS AND SELF-FOCUSED
- IMPROVES DECISION MAKING SKILLS
- INCREASINGLY EMPHASIZES IDEAL RECIPROCITY AND SOCIETAL LAWS AS THE BASIS FOR RESOLVING MORAL DILEMMAS.
- MIXED SEX CLIQUES BECOME COMMON
- BEGINS TO START DATING
Milestones for adults ages 18-30?
- ATHLETIC SKILLS THAT REQUIRE SPEED OF LIMB MOVEMENT, ENDURANCE AND ARM-HAND STEADINESS PEAK (THEN DECLINE)
- DECLINES IN TOUCH SENSITIVITY, CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY CAPACITY, IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTIONING, AND SKIN ELASTICITY BEGINS.
- GRADUAL WEIGHT GAIN BEGINS (CONTINUES THROUGH MIDDLE ADULT HOOD)
- SEXUAL ACTIVITY INCREASES
- DUALISTIC THINKING DECLINES IN FAVOR OF REALISTIC THINKING (COLLEGE EDUCATED ADULTS)
- NARROWS VOCATIONAL OPTIONS
- GAINS COGNITIVE – AFFECTIVE COMPLEXITY
- DEVELOPS EXPERTISE (ENHANCES PROBLEM SOLVING)
- MAY INCREASE IN CREATIVITY
- FORMS A MORE COMPLEX SELF CONCEPT
- LEAVES THE PARENTAL HOME PERMANENTLY (CAREER OR HIGHER EDUCATION)
- STRIVES TO MAKE A LONG TERM, INTIMATE CONNECTION WITH A PARTNER
Milestones for 30-40 year olds?
- DECLINES IN VISION AND HEARING
- REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY DECLINES (WOMEN)
- FERTILITY PROBLEMS INCREASE
- SEMEN VOLUME AND SPERM MOTILITY DECREASE (MEN)
- HAIR BEGINS TO GRAY AND THIN
- SEXUAL ACTIVITY DECLINES
- CONTINUES TO DEVELOP EXPERTISE IN CHOSEN CAREER FIELD
- CREATIVE ACCOMPLISHMENT OFTEN PEAKS
- MAY COHABITATE, MARRY AND BECOME PARENTS
- INCREASINGLY ESTABLISHES A NICHE IN SOCIETY THROUGH FAMILY, OCCUPATIONAL, AND COMMUNITY COMMITMENTS
Milestones for 50-65 year-olds?
- EYES LOSE THE CAPACITY TO ADJUST TO OBJECTS AT VARYING DISTANCES
- HEARING LOSS GRADUALLY EXTENDS TO ALL FREQUENCIES (REMAINS GREATEST FOR HIGH FREQUENCIES)
- SKIN CONTINUES TO WRINKLE AND SAG
- MENOPAUSE OCCURS (WOMEN)
- INABILITY TO OBTAIN AN ERECTION
- LOSS OF BONE MASS CONTINUES
- HEIGHT BEGINS TO DROP (COLLAPSE OF DISKS IN THE SPINAL COLUMN)
- EMOTIONAL SUPPORT AND PRACTICAL ASSISTANCE OF AGING PARENTS INCREASE.
- MAY RETIRE
Development in late adulthood (age 80+)?
- MOBILITY DIMINISHES AS MUSCLE AND BONE STRENGTH AND JOINT FLEXIBILITY DECLINE
- FLUID INTELLIGENCE DECLINE FURTHER; CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE DECLINES (MODESTLY)
- MAY DEVELOP GEROTRANCEDENCE ( A COSMIC PERSPECTIVE DIRECTED BEYOND THE SELF)
- RELATIONSHIPS WITH ADULT CHILDREN BECOME MORE IMPORTANT
- FREQUENCY AND VARIETY OF LEISURE AND VOLUNTEER ACTIVITIES MAY DECLINE.
