History, Pt 3 Flashcards
Which son of Herod’s ruled Judea and Samaria?
Archelaus
Which son of Herod’s ruled Galilee?
Herod Antipas
Which son of Herod’s ruled the province containing Caesarea Philippi?
Herod Philip
Where is Caesarea Philippi located in relation to Galilee?
To the east and northeast
Why did the synagogue arise?
Because of the diaspora
What became a local center of worship after the diaspora?
Synagogue
What was the Jewish supreme court called?
The Sanhedrin
What does Pharisee mean?
“Separated ones”
Which was the largest sect of Jews under Roman rule?
The Pharisees
Which sects originated as an outgrowth of the Hasidim?
The Pharisees and Essenes
What class of people composed the Pharisees?
Middle class laymen
Who were the Sadduccees?
Heirs of the Hasmodeans
Which sect controlled the priesthood under Roman rule?
The Sadducees
Which sect were disillusioned by the politics of the Sadducees and retreated to form monastic communities?
The Essenes
Who were the scribes?
A professional class of people, mostly Pharisees, who were associated with the synagogue.
Who were the People of the Land?
The common people who were not part of a sect or political party.
What idea undergirded the principle of gnosis?
Lack of knowledge (ignorance) rather than sin is humanity’s basic problem
What philosophy believed we should suppress bodily passions because of the evil of matter?
Ascetism
What philosophy believed we may as well indulge bodily passions because of the unimportance of matter?
Libertinism
What beings made up the whole spectrum between the purely spiritual supreme deity and the spiritual world?
Aeons
Of Hillel and Shammai, who was generally stricter?
Shammai
What did Hillel believe about divorce?
A man could divorce his wife for any reason.
What did Shammai believe about divorce?
A man could only divorce his wife for serious transgressions.
Who commissioned the Septuagint?
Ptolemy Philadelphus
What is the significance of the Septuagint?
- Used in synagogue services for Diaspora Jews
- Opportunity for new interpretations of traditional Jewish theology in a new culture
- Increases theological words in the Greek language, which will be used in Christianity as well as Judaism
What kicked off the Maccabean Revolt?
Mattathias killed a Roman officer attempting to enforce pagan worship
What caused the Maccabean Revolt?
Persecution of Jews under Antiochus Epiphanes IV (outlawing Judaism, enforcing state religion, forcing people to go against Jewish laws)
What early changes came from the Maccabean Revolt?
- Jewish customs reinstated
- Jerusalem taken back from the Romans
- Temple rededicated in 164 (Hanukkah)
What later changes came from the Maccabean Revolt?
- Simon recognized by Seulucids as an independent ruler of Jerusalem
- Jews are exempted from taxation
- Hasmonean dynasty begins
What was the significance of Herod the Great’s reign?
- Expands and rebuilds of temple and other construction projects (in Jerusalem, also palaces, military forts)
- Founds cities (incl. Caesarea Maritima)
- Economic prosperity but taxed the Jews heavily
- Not liked by Jews (tyrant, loyal to Romans, killed last Hasmonean)
- Kills boys in Bethlehem after Christ’s birth - fulfilling OT
- Left Judea to cruel Archelaus, which is why Jesus’s family settled in Galilee
What does Gnosticism teach?
- Dualism between material world and the spirit
- Matter is evil and spirit is good
What are the implications of Gnosticism?
- Either shun or embrace bodily passions
- No physical resurrection (body is bad)
- Immortality of the spirit, which can be obtained through knowledge
- Angelology and demonology - spiritual beings (aeons) between only spiritual and material
- Supreme being is entirely spiritual
Describe the Pharisees.
- Largest sect: outgrowth of Hasidim
- Middle class layment
- Strictly followed the law and then some, considered pious
Describe the Sadduccees.
- Heirs of Hasmodeans who controlled the priesthood
- Considered authoritative but did not believe in resurrection of the body or immortality of the soul
- Wanted to preserve status quo
Describe the Essenes.
- Evolved from Hasidim
- Reaction against Sadducees - formed monastic communities
- Even more concerned with legalism and contamination of sin than Pharisees
