History (part of exam 1/3)

Question 1

Who or what was Talos?

Answer 1

an ancient mythical automaton with artificial intelligence, built by Hephaistos to guard the island Crete and princess Europa.

Question 2

What are examples of ancient dreams/myths/experiments into AI?

Answer 2

• Talos by Hephaistos
• Aristotle laying foundation for formal logic
• Brazen head: an oracle in form of a human head made of brass, supposedly owned by alchemists Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus
• daVincis mechanical knight. could stand, sit, move arms and raise visor.
• the Golem, made from clay to protect the Jewish community in Prague
• “The Modern Prometheus” by Mary Shelley (Frankenstein)
• chess-playing Turk: machine that plays chess. was a hoax
• Euphonia: speech synthesizer

Question 3

Who proposed that animals are machines and what was their main argument for this?

Answer 3

René Descartes
argument: body can be explained by physics. its the soul that sets man and animal apart.

Question 4

What Calculation Machines have we learned about in the lecture?

Answer 4

• Adding machine by Pascal
• Reckoning machine by Leibniz
• Difference Engine by Babbage
• Analytical Engine by Babbage/Lovelace

Question 5

What is Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz famous for?

Answer 5

inventing the Lingua Characteristica

Question 6

What is the Lingua Characteristica?

Answer 6

invented by Leibniz. it uses primitives for formulating knowledge, an alphabet for human thoughts. it was a series of symbols, ie for the elements.

Question 7

Who was Charles Babbage?

Answer 7

Inventor of…
* Difference Engine (could calculate mathematical tables completely automated)
* Analytical Engine (first machine that could be programmed for the type of calculation it should perform)

Question 8

Who was Ada Lovelace?

Answer 8

the first programmer

Question 9

Who was Reverend George Boole?

Answer 9

published “The Mathematical Analysis of Logic” and showed how to write logic in form of analytical equations.
Name-giver of Boolean Algebra

Question 10

Who was Hilbert?

Answer 10

in his effort to formalize mathematics, he wrote 23 problems for the 20th century to solve. the 2nd of those was to prove that anything we can infer to be true, can also be proven by a calculus.
Kurt Gödel and Alan Turing published papers disproved the 2nd problem.

Question 11

Who was Kurt Gödel?

Answer 11

Wrote the paper “On Formally Undecidable Propositions” that disproved Hilbert’s 2nd problem for the 20th century.

Question 12

What is the origin of the word “robot”?

Answer 12

its from a czech play “Rossums Universal Robots”. The word “robot” could mean “work” or “forced worker” / “slaves”. “Robota” also referred to the days of the week that peasants were forced to work for nobelmen for free.

Question 13

What are Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics?

Answer 13

1. A robot must not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings
   except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
   protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.

Zeroth law:
* A robot may not harm humanity or, by inaction, allow
humanity to come to harm.

Question 14

What was the first digital computer?

Answer 14

Konrad Zuse’s Z3

Question 15

Who was Konrad Zuse?

Answer 15

he built the first digital computer, the Z3.

Question 16

What was the first Turing-complete digital computer?

Answer 16

ENIAC in 1945

Question 17

What was the first stored program computer?

Answer 17

EDVAC in 1949. This was basically what Babbage was aiming for.

Question 18

What names are connected to the history of Neural Networks?

Answer 18

McCulloch, Pitts, Marvin Minsky, Dann Edmonds, Frank Rosenblatt

Question 19

What is the basic principle of Artifical Neural Networks by Frank Rosenblatt?

Answer 19

• many small interconnected units
  (neurons)
• learning happens by changing the
  strength of connections (synapses)
• behavior of the whole is more than
  the sum of the parts

Question 20

What were the first chess programs?

Answer 20

• Konrad Zuse defined the first one
• Claude Shannon integrated different strategies, ie brute-force minimax search
• Alan Turing’s algorithm was first recorded man-machine chess game (computer lost lol)

Question 21

When was “the Birth of AI”?

Answer 21

1956

Question 22

What happened in summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College?

Answer 22

The Dartmouth Conference (=research project on AI), where term “AI” was first coined.
John McCarthy invited 10 scientiests to a 2-week workshop to further the research into AI.

Question 23

Name a few of the participants of the Dartmouth Conference of 1956.

Answer 23

John McCarthy
Herbert Simon
Allan Newell
Marvin Minsky
Arthur Samuel

Question 24

What were a few of the successes following the Dartmouth Conference in 1956?

Answer 24

• Newell and Simon: the General Problem Solver (successfully solved simple puzzles, imitation of human problem-solving)
• Samuel: investigated game playing, pioneered many ideas incl alpha-beta-search, reinforment learning,…
• McCarthy: Inventor of Lisp (language) and Logic-oriented Advice Taker
• Minsky: working on micro-worlds

Question 25

Why was progress slower than anticipated when it came to the developement of AI and machine learning?

Answer 25

• it was hard to precisely formalize knowledge
• complexity was under-estimated. things that work in micro-worlds don’t neccessarily work in real world.
• limitations on techniques and representations

Question 26

What are some knowledge-based systems of the 70ies and 80ies?

Answer 26

• DENDRAL project by Buchanan et al. (infer molecular structure)
• Expert system MYCIN by Feigenbaum et al. (used to diagnose blood infections)
• CYC project started by Lenat (attempt to encode common-sense knowledge)

Question 27

From 2010 on, Deep Learning brought many breakthroughs. Why?

Answer 27

• bigger models
• more data for training purposes
• computational power
• readily available programming libraries