History (part of exam 1/3) Flashcards
Who or what was Talos?
an ancient mythical automaton with artificial intelligence, built by Hephaistos to guard the island Crete and princess Europa.
What are examples of ancient dreams/myths/experiments into AI?
- Talos by Hephaistos
- Aristotle laying foundation for formal logic
- Brazen head: an oracle in form of a human head made of brass, supposedly owned by alchemists Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus
- daVincis mechanical knight. could stand, sit, move arms and raise visor.
- the Golem, made from clay to protect the Jewish community in Prague
- “The Modern Prometheus” by Mary Shelley (Frankenstein)
- chess-playing Turk: machine that plays chess. was a hoax
- Euphonia: speech synthesizer
Who proposed that animals are machines and what was their main argument for this?
René Descartes
argument: body can be explained by physics. its the soul that sets man and animal apart.
What Calculation Machines have we learned about in the lecture?
- Adding machine by Pascal
- Reckoning machine by Leibniz
- Difference Engine by Babbage
- Analytical Engine by Babbage/Lovelace
What is Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz famous for?
inventing the Lingua Characteristica
What is the Lingua Characteristica?
invented by Leibniz. it uses primitives for formulating knowledge, an alphabet for human thoughts. it was a series of symbols, ie for the elements.
Who was Charles Babbage?
Inventor of…
* Difference Engine (could calculate mathematical tables completely automated)
* Analytical Engine (first machine that could be programmed for the type of calculation it should perform)
Who was Ada Lovelace?
the first programmer
Who was Reverend George Boole?
published “The Mathematical Analysis of Logic” and showed how to write logic in form of analytical equations.
Name-giver of Boolean Algebra
Who was Hilbert?
in his effort to formalize mathematics, he wrote 23 problems for the 20th century to solve. the 2nd of those was to prove that anything we can infer to be true, can also be proven by a calculus.
Kurt Gödel and Alan Turing published papers disproved the 2nd problem.
Who was Kurt Gödel?
Wrote the paper “On Formally Undecidable Propositions” that disproved Hilbert’s 2nd problem for the 20th century.
What is the origin of the word “robot”?
its from a czech play “Rossums Universal Robots”. The word “robot” could mean “work” or “forced worker” / “slaves”. “Robota” also referred to the days of the week that peasants were forced to work for nobelmen for free.
What are Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics?
- A robot must not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
- A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings
except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. - A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.
Zeroth law:
* A robot may not harm humanity or, by inaction, allow
humanity to come to harm.
What was the first digital computer?
Konrad Zuse’s Z3
Who was Konrad Zuse?
he built the first digital computer, the Z3.
What was the first Turing-complete digital computer?
ENIAC in 1945
What was the first stored program computer?
EDVAC in 1949. This was basically what Babbage was aiming for.
What names are connected to the history of Neural Networks?
McCulloch, Pitts, Marvin Minsky, Dann Edmonds, Frank Rosenblatt
What is the basic principle of Artifical Neural Networks by Frank Rosenblatt?
- many small interconnected units
(neurons) - learning happens by changing the
strength of connections (synapses) - behavior of the whole is more than
the sum of the parts
What were the first chess programs?
- Konrad Zuse defined the first one
- Claude Shannon integrated different strategies, ie brute-force minimax search
- Alan Turing’s algorithm was first recorded man-machine chess game (computer lost lol)
When was “the Birth of AI”?
1956
What happened in summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College?
The Dartmouth Conference (=research project on AI), where term “AI” was first coined.
John McCarthy invited 10 scientiests to a 2-week workshop to further the research into AI.
Name a few of the participants of the Dartmouth Conference of 1956.
John McCarthy
Herbert Simon
Allan Newell
Marvin Minsky
Arthur Samuel
What were a few of the successes following the Dartmouth Conference in 1956?
- Newell and Simon: the General Problem Solver (successfully solved simple puzzles, imitation of human problem-solving)
- Samuel: investigated game playing, pioneered many ideas incl alpha-beta-search, reinforment learning,…
- McCarthy: Inventor of Lisp (language) and Logic-oriented Advice Taker
- Minsky: working on micro-worlds
Why was progress slower than anticipated when it came to the developement of AI and machine learning?
- it was hard to precisely formalize knowledge
- complexity was under-estimated. things that work in micro-worlds don’t neccessarily work in real world.
- limitations on techniques and representations
What are some knowledge-based systems of the 70ies and 80ies?
- DENDRAL project by Buchanan et al. (infer molecular structure)
- Expert system MYCIN by Feigenbaum et al. (used to diagnose blood infections)
- CYC project started by Lenat (attempt to encode common-sense knowledge)
From 2010 on, Deep Learning brought many breakthroughs. Why?
- bigger models
- more data for training purposes
- computational power
- readily available programming libraries
