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Yr11 Summer Assessment 1 RC Mock > History Paper 2 - Vietnam and Civil Rights > Flashcards

History Paper 2 - Vietnam and Civil Rights Flashcards

1
Q

When was the american civil war

A

1865

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2
Q

What is the 14th Amendment

A

The 1865 amendment where black people were legally given equal rights. In practice this was not the truth.

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3
Q

What are jim crow laws

A

The laws that govern segregation of blacks

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4
Q

When was plessey vs ferguson

A

1896

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5
Q

What did plessey vs ferguson argue

A

Segregation on trains violated the 14th amendment

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6
Q

What did the court rule plessey vs ferguson

A

Segregation was legal as long as it was seperate but equal

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7
Q

What percentage of blacks were registered to vote by 1956

A

20%

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8
Q

What did the NAACP do?

A

Fought segregation in court rooms

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9
Q

What did the CORE do?

A

Organise peaceful protest and trained activists to resist provocation

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10
Q

What did brown vs Topeka argue

A

Seperate was NOT equal in schools and that the 14th amendment had been violated

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11
Q

When was the brown vs Topeka ruling

A

May 1954

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12
Q

When did NAACP take their five school desegregation cases to the supreme court

A

1952

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13
Q

What ruling did the court give Brown vs Topeka

A

Life had changed since plessey and seperate but equal had no place in education

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14
Q

Positive Short term effects pf Brown v Topeka

A
  • Reversed Plessey
  • By the end of 1957, 723 school districts had desegregated
  • Sparked off more campaigns for desegregation
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15
Q

Negative short term effects of Brown V Topeka

A
  • Many school boards planned integration but did nothing
  • Some state governors ignored the ruling and threatened to close schools that desegregated
  • WCC was formed and ,like the KKK, had an increase in members
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16
Q

When was the WCC formed

A

1954

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17
Q

Positive Long term effects of Brown V Topeka

A
  • Foundation for future civil rights progressions

- Showed that NAACP legal battles were viable in the fight for civil rights

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18
Q

Negative long term effects of brown vs Topeka

A
  • Black students faced violence and threat

- Black staff were fired

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19
Q

How many states were still entirely segregated in 1960

A

5

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20
Q

When was the last school ever desegregated in the US

A

2016

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21
Q

How many black students applied and were chosen by little rock’s education board

A

75 applied, 25 chosen

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22
Q

Where is little rock

A

Arkansas

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23
Q

Applicants were openly threatened, how many of the 25 applicants were still willing to go

A

9

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24
Q

Who was the governor of arkansas

A

Faubus

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25
Q

When did faubus send in state troops to prevent the black students arriving

A

September 3rd 1957

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26
Q

How many state troops did faubus send to prevent the black students entering

A

250

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27
Q

what did the NAACP do in response to faubus’ deployment of state troops

A

Organise all black students to enter together the next day

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28
Q

Who missed the NAACP’s message in concern to little rock

A

Elizabeth eckford

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29
Q

What happened when elizabteh eckford arrived at little rock high

A

She was met by a mob who shouted at her and threatened to lynch her. State troops turned her away

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30
Q

How many reporters photographed, witnessed and reported on the mob that greeted Elizabeth eckford

A

250

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31
Q

What caused the federal government to get involved in little rock

A

Global and domestic publicity of the hostility that Elizabeth eckford faced

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32
Q

Why did esienhower sign a presidential order to resolve little rock

A

He knew dixiecrats in congress might deny a bill

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33
Q

When did eisenhower signs the presidential order for little rock

A

24th september 1957

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34
Q

What did Eisenhower’s presidential order do to little rock

A

It sent in 1000 federal troops and federalised state troops in Arkansas, staying with the Little rock nine until the end of term

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35
Q

When and What did faubus do when the school year ended in little rock

A

In may 1958 Faubus closed down all schools in little rock

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36
Q

When did parents force faubus to open schools again

A

1959

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37
Q

When and What was outlawed as a response to white opposition to integration

A

In 1959 ‘massive resistance’ was outlawed meaning that schools could no longer delay integration further

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38
Q

How did southern states still oppose integration after little rock and brown v Topeka

A

More discretely; unfair testing, threats, mob fear, desegration of one or two schools to leave the rest segregated

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39
Q

What did little rock do in terms of WCC and KKK membership

A

Membership rose sharply to counter the integration

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40
Q

What was emmett till falsely accused of doing?

A

Sexually harrassing Carolyn Bryant

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41
Q

How was emmett till killed?

A

Barbed wire was wrapped round his neck and he was thrown into a river

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42
Q

Why was emmett till’s funeral significant?

A

It was an open casket funeral, his mutilated face was left on display. His mother invited press to the funeral and his service was publicised world wide, showing the extent of hatred in the south

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43
Q

When was the southern manifesto signed?

A

1956

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44
Q

How many southern politicians signed the southern manifesto

A

101 Politicians

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45
Q

What did the southern manifesto argue?

A

The brown ruling was an abuse of judicial power, trespassing on state’s rights.

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46
Q

Which two black men were killed for registering to vote

A

Reverand George Lee and Lamar smith

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47
Q

What year were George Lee and lamar smith murdered

A

1955

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48
Q

What did southern church sermons say about integration

A

Integration was a sin

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49
Q

When were the dixiecrats formed

A

1948

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50
Q

What were the dixiecrats

A

A breakaway faction of the democratic party who were determined to protect southern values and break free of federal oppression.

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51
Q

Why were the dixiecrats a problem

A

There was enough of them in congress so that their views had to be considered by the president.

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52
Q

What did the dixiecrats do to oppose segregation

A

Block civil rights acts in congress

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53
Q

What were the three things preventing peace talks in vietnam until 1972

A

The tet offensive, The easter offensive and Vietnamisation

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54
Q

What were the events running up to the tet offensive

A
  • Vc attacked south of the DMZ to draw troops away from the cities
  • NV hinted at peace talks, lowering the US guard
  • NV troops attacked Khe Sanh, an american military complex
  • Planned for the lunar new year, usually a day of ceasefire
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55
Q

How many troops were lured to Khe Sanh when it was attacked

A

6000

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56
Q

When was the Tet offensive launched?

A

30th january 1968

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57
Q

What Five buildings did NV troops originally manage to capture at the start of the Tet offensive?

A

The airport, Radio station, US embassy, ARVN HQ and Presidential palace

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58
Q

How long did it take US-ARVN troops to recapture Saigon

A

3 weeks

59
Q

Why was the offensive a shock to the US

A

They were used to fighting the VC in direct guerilla combat, not full-scale offensives.

60
Q

How many NV soldiers fought in Tet

A

84,000

61
Q

Significance of Tet

A
  • surge in US opposition
  • congress less willing to fund war
  • Main reason Johnson didnt rerun for president
  • Disproved all US claims that an end to the war was imminent
  • Although a military failure for NV, it was a huge blow to US morale
  • delayed peace talks
62
Q

What was vietnamisation

A

Vietnamisation was the Nixon Doctrine in practice. It promised an end to the war by Slowly withdrawing and managing the ARVN to fend for itself. It tried to make the american withdrawal seem like it was done with honour and not out of defeat.

63
Q

How many deaths were there in 68 compared

to 70 because of vietnamisation

A

1968: 16,000
1970: 6000

64
Q

Was Vietnamisation a success?

A

Yes
- Troop withdrawal was happening and opposition to the war eased slightly

No

  • Communists saw vietnamisation as an oppurtunity as they knew that the ARVN were weak without the US
  • The army thought that Tet had seriously weakened the NV and that a last final all out push could reunite a capitalist vietnam
65
Q

Leading up to the Easter Offensive

A

Nixons expansion into cambodia and laos left no decisive victor

Secret peace talks continued

Despite this the NV planned another offensive

66
Q

When did the Easter offensive commence

A

March 30th 1972

67
Q

What did the US say about an invasion before the easter offensive

A

They declared another NV offensive improbable, proven wrong by when in march 1972, the north attacked.

68
Q

What did the easter offensive entail

A

120,000 NV troops crossed the DMZ to attack ARVN targets, but was eventually repelled

69
Q

How did the US respond to the easter offensive

A

April 1972 - Operation linebacker

70
Q

What and when was operation linebacker

A

April 1972

Heavy bombing campaign coordinated by the US to attack all NV targets including Hanoi

71
Q

Significance of operation linebacker

A

Almost wiped out all the NV war industry as well as disrupting supply routes feom china and russia

China and russia urged for NV to reach a peace deal

72
Q

When was Nixon’s silent majority speech

A

November 3rd 1969

73
Q

What was shown from Nixon’s silent majority speech

A

A poll showed 77% of americans supported nixons policies

30,000 letters and 50,000 telegrams of support were sent to the white house

Nixon had support where it mattered, the US was well placed to withdraw with “honourable peace”

74
Q

Describe the secret talks

A

The paris peace talks ,for now, were going nowhere.

Nixon held secret talks with russia and china in an attempt to end the cold war, provoking the NV to include themselves in fear of losing foreign support. The SV government wasnt included

75
Q

What did Nixon do to keep the balance between looking open to negotiation but remaining firm in the early 70s

A 
Continued official talks
Continued secret talks
Continued vietnamisatiom
Continued bombing
Continued Super-power meetings
76
Q

Why was the NV under pressure to negotiate

A

In fear of losing foreign support
Bombing of NV
No victory in sight

77
Q

Why was the US under pressure to negotiate

A

No victory in sight
Domestic pressure
Economic cost
Dissaproval in congress

78
Q

Describe talks 1972-1973

A

October 8th 1972 - Us and NV produced an agreement at the official talks, conjured in their secret talks
The south refused to sign these as they had no say in what was being forced upon them
Talks broke up with agreements unsigned and trust decreased

79
Q

When were the paris peace accords signed

A

After increased pressure to resume talks at the start of january, by the 27th of Jan 1973 the US NV SV and provisonal revolutionary government signed the accords

80
Q

What did the paris peace accords declare

A

Vietnam was to be unified and internationally recognised

Reunification was to be by negotiation with no foreign intervention

Ceasefire to begin

Both armies were to remain however the US would no longer support the ARVN

The US had 60days to withdraw

Us to pay reparations to north and south

81
Q

Why were the accords important

A

They gave the US a way to withdraw with honour however the NV saw it as a way for the US to withdraw while in ceasefire

82
Q

Significance of the accords for US

A

Only 150 troops remained in vietnam to guard the ambassy by march 23rd 1973

Congress cut funding to the ARVN

83
Q

Significance of the accords for SV

A

The aid withdrawal collapsed the SV economy

Thieu didn’t democratise the south or replace rural corrupt officials, soon the VC had re-infiltrated villages

The SV wouldn’t hold discussions with the NV or PRG

84
Q

Significance of the accords for NV

A

The north became imaptient with Thieu and attacked the south in december 1974

85
Q

When did saigon fall

A

April 30th 1975

86
Q

What was the cost of the vietnam war to the US

A

$167,000,000,000

850,000 left with mental disorders

58,000 dead

300,000 wounded

87
Q

Sociopolitical costs to the war for the US

A

Ameircan morale decreased

Increased lack of trust between government and people

Divide between americans grew with that of civil rights

Suicide rates amongst veterans was 2x civilian

88
Q

Effects of vietnam on the US’s image

A

Completely failed in its main aim to stop a communist fall of vietnam

In the future the US was to be more wary on intervention

In 1954 the US was seen as a respectful liberator however by 1975 they were seen as anything but united

89
Q

What were the three main factors that led to US failure in vietnam

A

Military, political and social

90
Q

What political Factors led to the US failure

A

Diem’s government and general SV incompetence

The us was SV’s life support, without them vietnam fell

Tonkin

decreasing support in congress

91
Q

What military factors led to US failure

A

Escalation under kennedy johnson and nixon

Rolling thunder as a failure

Failing US tactics: Cedar falls 196

VC tactics

92
Q

Social causes for failure in vietnam

A

Media

My Lai

Kent state

Opposition in congress

93
Q

Why was diem’s government weak

A

Many communists were in the south
Other political/religious groups had their own armies
Diem was a firm catholic and disliked buddhists
Diem gave government jobs to family and friends
Diem had little respect for rural agriculturalists

94
Q

When did Bao Dei speak out against Diem’s policies

A

October 1955

95
Q

What did diem propose in response to Bao Dei calling him out and what was the result

A

He proposed a referendum supervised by the US. It was believed to be largely rigged and Diem won

96
Q

What did Diem barr villages from doing in 1956

A

Electing their own officials,

97
Q

Reasons that became more unpopular

A

As he became more unpopular, so did the US

He arrested political rivals and religious opponents

In 1957 he sent ARVN to arrest 60,000 ‘communists’ and killed 2000

Revolutionary organisations were brewing and joining, they came to be known as VC.

He was extremely autocratic and known to be incompetent in his position

98
Q

What did the NV do in response to Diem’s government

A

In may 59, NV and chinese troops supplied and trained the VC using the Ho Chi minh trail. Sparking a civil war

99
Q

What was the NLF and when was it formed

A

National liberation front - Combination of VC and other groups, formed in dec 1960

100
Q

By 1960 how much of SV was under VC influence

A

Less than half

101
Q

When did Diem attack buddhist monks

A

1963

102
Q

In regards to Diem, what did kennedy have to reluctantly accept

A

A democracy under diem was impissible and allowed for his assassination of Nov 1st 1963

103
Q

What was constant US expansion a sign of in regards to SV

A

Southern incompetency

104
Q

Describe Kennedy’s expansion

A

40,000,000 to tripain ARVN

Ordered a report on sending in troops

Authorised defoliant in jungles

US air cavalry sent to train and transport ARVN

105
Q

By 1963 how many ARVN and VC troops were in SV

A

Arvn- 500,000
Vc-100,000

Yet the VC still applied worrying pressure

After kennedy the VC were at its strongest yet

106
Q

Why did the gulf of tonkin resolution lead to a US failure

A

The 64 tonkin resolution was an unofficial declaration of war on NV

The more the two sides got involved, the harder it became to win the war without losing, the NV were growing stronger and all the time wasting until tonkin had let them grow.

Tonkin demanded an upscale of the war fron both sides if the NV were to counter it

107
Q

How many years did it take troops to be deployed from when advisors were first sent to vietnam

A

15 years. 15 years of the VC growing in strength

108
Q

What did diem not do during his presidency

A

Listen to us advisors

109
Q

What were Kennedy’s and Johnson escalations an indication of

A

The SV couldnt handle the north on their own

110
Q

How many green berets were sent under kennedy to train arvn troops

A

400

111
Q

By november 1963 how many advisors were there in vietnam

A

16,000

112
Q

When were US combat troops sent in and how many arrived.

A

On the 8th of march 1965 3500 marines, under general westmorland, were sent into vietnam

113
Q

What did the gulf of tonkin allow for

A

Direct intervention

114
Q

Why did johnson not deploy troops immediately

A

It was an election year and he didn’t want to divide congress, he waited.

115
Q

When did operation rolling thunder start

A

February 1965

116
Q

When did rolling thunder end

A

1968

117
Q

What did operation rolling thunder target

A

The ho chi minh trail and vietnamese industry

118
Q

What did operation rolling thundr avoid

A

International ports in fear of sparking wider conflict

Hanoi

119
Q

Why did rolling thunder fail

A

Bombed HCM trail BUT thousands of VC were actively repairing it

Used Napalm and pineapple bombs BUT increased vietnamese opposition to the war

Bombed NV industry BUT most supplies arrived from overseas

Foreign aid routes were never targeted SO chinese supplies could still be used

250km of underground tunnels near saigon and many near HCM trail

120
Q

How much money’s worth of supplies did the chinese bring in in 65 and 67 to vietnam

A

65 - 210MLN

67 - 505MLN

121
Q

What was the aim of search and destroy missions

A

Scout for enemy camps/supplies, later calling in artillery to destroy the area.

122
Q

What was the problem with s&d missions

A

Support for the US fell as peoples villages were burnt on the suspicion of VC affiliation

123
Q

When was operation cedar falls

A

1967

124
Q

How many troops were part of operation cedar falls

A

30,000

125
Q

What was the aim of cedar falls

A

To weaken VC in the iron triangle

126
Q

Events of cedar falls

A

Villages were evacuated to allow for the triangle to become a free-fire zone. However some didnt get the memo and moved back in due to a lack of communication. They were then caught in the crossfire

127
Q

Why were leaflets not effective at evacuating villagers

A

Many were illiterate and got caught in the crossfire

128
Q

What did cedar falls highlight

A

Ignorance in the US chain of command

129
Q

What was punji

A

Booby traps that injured enemies not killing them. This meant that extra men had to tend to the soldier and their unit would be largely disrupted

130
Q

What was hugging the belt

A

Vc would ambush US squads and stay within close range so that artillery couldn’t strike them

131
Q

What percentage of US casualties came from ambush

A

51%

132
Q

How many km of vc tunnels surrounded saigon

A

250

133
Q

What was the VC’s main tactic

A

Guerilla hit and run missions, major offensives were rare making them more effective and suprising

134
Q

What did opinion polls show about the popularity of the war

A

As it went on, popularity decreased

135
Q

Why was the media important in the vietnam war

A

It was the first war to be televised and not to be censored meaning that the media had some responsibilty seperate to the army of documenting the war

136
Q

When was the my lai massacre

A

March 16th 1968

137
Q

How many women, seniors and children were killed at my lai

A

500

138
Q

What caused my lai

A

Charlie company were told to expect enemy fire at my lai however didnt get any. Despite this they executed the village

139
Q

How was my lai cobered up and then exposed

A
  • My lai was covered up by senior officials, documenting 20 civilian collateral deaths
  • exposing this, rindenhour amassed eye witness evidence and submitted it to political figures to expose the cover up
  • an investigation was launched and lieutenant calley was the only one found guilty and sentenced. Senior officials didnt get charged even though they covered it up.
140
Q

Significance of my lai

A

Created division between government and people

Trust was broken and there was outrage at the treatment of vietnamese people.

The media was shown to be more reputable

Many were outraged calley took all the blame

141
Q

When did the kent state shooting happen

A

4 days after nixon’s expansion into cambodia

142
Q

Events of kent state

A
  • tension was growing between pro and anti war demonstrators on campus
  • 2nd may - usmc building burnt down, the mayor sent in state troops
  • a ban forbid demonstrations on campus
  • 4th may, 2000 demonstrators protested anyway growing rowdy with state troops
  • troops opened fire into the crowd killing 4, 2 of which were bystanders
143
Q

Significance of kent state

A

The war was growing tiring and people wanted it to end, it was dividing home and more important domestic issuez couldve been resolved

144
Q

Opposition in congress

A

Tet was key in changing the minds of Hawks to Doves

Many wanted the war to end

The was was expensive

The war seemed unwinnable and a bad use of resource. After all whenever the americans left the vietnamese would still be their and it would still be their country

The opposition is govermnet criticised the elected cabinet

Social opposition pushed for change amongst politicians

Yr11 Summer Assessment 1 RC Mock (3 decks)

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