History Paper 2 - Vietnam and Civil Rights Flashcards
1
Q
When was the american civil war
A
1865
2
Q
What is the 14th Amendment
A
The 1865 amendment where black people were legally given equal rights. In practice this was not the truth.
3
Q
What are jim crow laws
A
The laws that govern segregation of blacks
4
Q
When was plessey vs ferguson
A
1896
5
Q
What did plessey vs ferguson argue
A
Segregation on trains violated the 14th amendment
6
Q
What did the court rule plessey vs ferguson
A
Segregation was legal as long as it was seperate but equal
7
Q
What percentage of blacks were registered to vote by 1956
A
20%
8
Q
What did the NAACP do?
A
Fought segregation in court rooms
9
Q
What did the CORE do?
A
Organise peaceful protest and trained activists to resist provocation
10
Q
What did brown vs Topeka argue
A
Seperate was NOT equal in schools and that the 14th amendment had been violated
11
Q
When was the brown vs Topeka ruling
A
May 1954
12
Q
When did NAACP take their five school desegregation cases to the supreme court
A
1952
13
Q
What ruling did the court give Brown vs Topeka
A
Life had changed since plessey and seperate but equal had no place in education
14
Q
Positive Short term effects pf Brown v Topeka
A
- Reversed Plessey
- By the end of 1957, 723 school districts had desegregated
- Sparked off more campaigns for desegregation
15
Q
Negative short term effects of Brown V Topeka
A
- Many school boards planned integration but did nothing
- Some state governors ignored the ruling and threatened to close schools that desegregated
- WCC was formed and ,like the KKK, had an increase in members
16
Q
When was the WCC formed
A
1954
17
Q
Positive Long term effects of Brown V Topeka
A
- Foundation for future civil rights progressions
- Showed that NAACP legal battles were viable in the fight for civil rights
18
Q
Negative long term effects of brown vs Topeka
A
- Black students faced violence and threat
- Black staff were fired
19
Q
How many states were still entirely segregated in 1960
A
5
20
Q
When was the last school ever desegregated in the US
A
2016
21
Q
How many black students applied and were chosen by little rock’s education board
A
75 applied, 25 chosen
22
Q
Where is little rock
A
Arkansas
23
Q
Applicants were openly threatened, how many of the 25 applicants were still willing to go
A
9
24
Q
Who was the governor of arkansas
A
Faubus
25
When did faubus send in state troops to prevent the black students arriving
September 3rd 1957
26
How many state troops did faubus send to prevent the black students entering
250
27
what did the NAACP do in response to faubus' deployment of state troops
Organise all black students to enter together the next day
28
Who missed the NAACP's message in concern to little rock
Elizabeth eckford
29
What happened when elizabteh eckford arrived at little rock high
She was met by a mob who shouted at her and threatened to lynch her. State troops turned her away
30
How many reporters photographed, witnessed and reported on the mob that greeted Elizabeth eckford
250
31
What caused the federal government to get involved in little rock
Global and domestic publicity of the hostility that Elizabeth eckford faced
32
Why did esienhower sign a presidential order to resolve little rock
He knew dixiecrats in congress might deny a bill
33
When did eisenhower signs the presidential order for little rock
24th september 1957
34
What did Eisenhower's presidential order do to little rock
It sent in 1000 federal troops and federalised state troops in Arkansas, staying with the Little rock nine until the end of term
35
When and What did faubus do when the school year ended in little rock
In may 1958 Faubus closed down all schools in little rock
36
When did parents force faubus to open schools again
1959
37
When and What was outlawed as a response to white opposition to integration
In 1959 'massive resistance' was outlawed meaning that schools could no longer delay integration further
38
How did southern states still oppose integration after little rock and brown v Topeka
More discretely; unfair testing, threats, mob fear, desegration of one or two schools to leave the rest segregated
39
What did little rock do in terms of WCC and KKK membership
Membership rose sharply to counter the integration
40
What was emmett till falsely accused of doing?
Sexually harrassing Carolyn Bryant
41
How was emmett till killed?
Barbed wire was wrapped round his neck and he was thrown into a river
42
Why was emmett till's funeral significant?
It was an open casket funeral, his mutilated face was left on display. His mother invited press to the funeral and his service was publicised world wide, showing the extent of hatred in the south
43
When was the southern manifesto signed?
1956
44
How many southern politicians signed the southern manifesto
101 Politicians
45
What did the southern manifesto argue?
The brown ruling was an abuse of judicial power, trespassing on state's rights.
46
Which two black men were killed for registering to vote
Reverand George Lee and Lamar smith
47
What year were George Lee and lamar smith murdered
1955
48
What did southern church sermons say about integration
Integration was a sin
49
When were the dixiecrats formed
1948
50
What were the dixiecrats
A breakaway faction of the democratic party who were determined to protect southern values and break free of federal oppression.
51
Why were the dixiecrats a problem
There was enough of them in congress so that their views had to be considered by the president.
52
What did the dixiecrats do to oppose segregation
Block civil rights acts in congress
53
What were the three things preventing peace talks in vietnam until 1972
The tet offensive, The easter offensive and Vietnamisation
54
What were the events running up to the tet offensive
- Vc attacked south of the DMZ to draw troops away from the cities
- NV hinted at peace talks, lowering the US guard
- NV troops attacked Khe Sanh, an american military complex
- Planned for the lunar new year, usually a day of ceasefire
55
How many troops were lured to Khe Sanh when it was attacked
6000
56
When was the Tet offensive launched?
30th january 1968
57
What Five buildings did NV troops originally manage to capture at the start of the Tet offensive?
The airport, Radio station, US embassy, ARVN HQ and Presidential palace
58
How long did it take US-ARVN troops to recapture Saigon
3 weeks
59
Why was the offensive a shock to the US
They were used to fighting the VC in direct guerilla combat, not full-scale offensives.
60
How many NV soldiers fought in Tet
84,000
61
Significance of Tet
- surge in US opposition
- congress less willing to fund war
- Main reason Johnson didnt rerun for president
- Disproved all US claims that an end to the war was imminent
- Although a military failure for NV, it was a huge blow to US morale
- delayed peace talks
62
What was vietnamisation
Vietnamisation was the Nixon Doctrine in practice. It promised an end to the war by Slowly withdrawing and managing the ARVN to fend for itself. It tried to make the american withdrawal seem like it was done with honour and not out of defeat.
63
How many deaths were there in 68 compared
| to 70 because of vietnamisation
1968: 16,000
1970: 6000
64
Was Vietnamisation a success?
Yes
- Troop withdrawal was happening and opposition to the war eased slightly
No
- Communists saw vietnamisation as an oppurtunity as they knew that the ARVN were weak without the US
- The army thought that Tet had seriously weakened the NV and that a last final all out push could reunite a capitalist vietnam
65
Leading up to the Easter Offensive
Nixons expansion into cambodia and laos left no decisive victor
Secret peace talks continued
Despite this the NV planned another offensive
66
When did the Easter offensive commence
March 30th 1972
67
What did the US say about an invasion before the easter offensive
They declared another NV offensive improbable, proven wrong by when in march 1972, the north attacked.
68
What did the easter offensive entail
120,000 NV troops crossed the DMZ to attack ARVN targets, but was eventually repelled
69
How did the US respond to the easter offensive
April 1972 - Operation linebacker
70
What and when was operation linebacker
April 1972
Heavy bombing campaign coordinated by the US to attack all NV targets including Hanoi
71
Significance of operation linebacker
Almost wiped out all the NV war industry as well as disrupting supply routes feom china and russia
China and russia urged for NV to reach a peace deal
72
When was Nixon's silent majority speech
November 3rd 1969
73
What was shown from Nixon's silent majority speech
A poll showed 77% of americans supported nixons policies
30,000 letters and 50,000 telegrams of support were sent to the white house
Nixon had support where it mattered, the US was well placed to withdraw with "honourable peace"
74
Describe the secret talks
The paris peace talks ,for now, were going nowhere.
Nixon held secret talks with russia and china in an attempt to end the cold war, provoking the NV to include themselves in fear of losing foreign support. The SV government wasnt included
75
What did Nixon do to keep the balance between looking open to negotiation but remaining firm in the early 70s
```
Continued official talks
Continued secret talks
Continued vietnamisatiom
Continued bombing
Continued Super-power meetings
```
76
Why was the NV under pressure to negotiate
In fear of losing foreign support
Bombing of NV
No victory in sight
77
Why was the US under pressure to negotiate
No victory in sight
Domestic pressure
Economic cost
Dissaproval in congress
78
Describe talks 1972-1973
October 8th 1972 - Us and NV produced an agreement at the official talks, conjured in their secret talks
The south refused to sign these as they had no say in what was being forced upon them
Talks broke up with agreements unsigned and trust decreased
79
When were the paris peace accords signed
After increased pressure to resume talks at the start of january, by the 27th of Jan 1973 the US NV SV and provisonal revolutionary government signed the accords
80
What did the paris peace accords declare
Vietnam was to be unified and internationally recognised
Reunification was to be by negotiation with no foreign intervention
Ceasefire to begin
Both armies were to remain however the US would no longer support the ARVN
The US had 60days to withdraw
Us to pay reparations to north and south
81
Why were the accords important
They gave the US a way to withdraw with honour however the NV saw it as a way for the US to withdraw while in ceasefire
82
Significance of the accords for US
Only 150 troops remained in vietnam to guard the ambassy by march 23rd 1973
Congress cut funding to the ARVN
83
Significance of the accords for SV
The aid withdrawal collapsed the SV economy
Thieu didn't democratise the south or replace rural corrupt officials, soon the VC had re-infiltrated villages
The SV wouldn't hold discussions with the NV or PRG
84
Significance of the accords for NV
The north became imaptient with Thieu and attacked the south in december 1974
85
When did saigon fall
April 30th 1975
86
What was the cost of the vietnam war to the US
$167,000,000,000
850,000 left with mental disorders
58,000 dead
300,000 wounded
87
Sociopolitical costs to the war for the US
Ameircan morale decreased
Increased lack of trust between government and people
Divide between americans grew with that of civil rights
Suicide rates amongst veterans was 2x civilian
88
Effects of vietnam on the US's image
Completely failed in its main aim to stop a communist fall of vietnam
In the future the US was to be more wary on intervention
In 1954 the US was seen as a respectful liberator however by 1975 they were seen as anything but united
89
What were the three main factors that led to US failure in vietnam
Military, political and social
90
What political Factors led to the US failure
Diem's government and general SV incompetence
The us was SV's life support, without them vietnam fell
Tonkin
decreasing support in congress
91
What military factors led to US failure
Escalation under kennedy johnson and nixon
Rolling thunder as a failure
Failing US tactics: Cedar falls 196
VC tactics
92
Social causes for failure in vietnam
Media
My Lai
Kent state
Opposition in congress
93
Why was diem's government weak
Many communists were in the south
Other political/religious groups had their own armies
Diem was a firm catholic and disliked buddhists
Diem gave government jobs to family and friends
Diem had little respect for rural agriculturalists
94
When did Bao Dei speak out against Diem's policies
October 1955
95
What did diem propose in response to Bao Dei calling him out and what was the result
He proposed a referendum supervised by the US. It was believed to be largely rigged and Diem won
96
What did Diem barr villages from doing in 1956
Electing their own officials,
97
Reasons that became more unpopular
As he became more unpopular, so did the US
He arrested political rivals and religious opponents
In 1957 he sent ARVN to arrest 60,000 'communists' and killed 2000
Revolutionary organisations were brewing and joining, they came to be known as VC.
He was extremely autocratic and known to be incompetent in his position
98
What did the NV do in response to Diem's government
In may 59, NV and chinese troops supplied and trained the VC using the Ho Chi minh trail. Sparking a civil war
99
What was the NLF and when was it formed
National liberation front - Combination of VC and other groups, formed in dec 1960
100
By 1960 how much of SV was under VC influence
Less than half
101
When did Diem attack buddhist monks
1963
102
In regards to Diem, what did kennedy have to reluctantly accept
A democracy under diem was impissible and allowed for his assassination of Nov 1st 1963
103
What was constant US expansion a sign of in regards to SV
Southern incompetency
104
Describe Kennedy's expansion
40,000,000 to tripain ARVN
Ordered a report on sending in troops
Authorised defoliant in jungles
US air cavalry sent to train and transport ARVN
105
By 1963 how many ARVN and VC troops were in SV
Arvn- 500,000
Vc-100,000
Yet the VC still applied worrying pressure
After kennedy the VC were at its strongest yet
106
Why did the gulf of tonkin resolution lead to a US failure
The 64 tonkin resolution was an unofficial declaration of war on NV
The more the two sides got involved, the harder it became to win the war without losing, the NV were growing stronger and all the time wasting until tonkin had let them grow.
Tonkin demanded an upscale of the war fron both sides if the NV were to counter it
107
How many years did it take troops to be deployed from when advisors were first sent to vietnam
15 years. 15 years of the VC growing in strength
108
What did diem not do during his presidency
Listen to us advisors
109
What were Kennedy's and Johnson escalations an indication of
The SV couldnt handle the north on their own
110
How many green berets were sent under kennedy to train arvn troops
400
111
By november 1963 how many advisors were there in vietnam
16,000
112
When were US combat troops sent in and how many arrived.
On the 8th of march 1965 3500 marines, under general westmorland, were sent into vietnam
113
What did the gulf of tonkin allow for
Direct intervention
114
Why did johnson not deploy troops immediately
It was an election year and he didn't want to divide congress, he waited.
115
When did operation rolling thunder start
February 1965
116
When did rolling thunder end
1968
117
What did operation rolling thunder target
The ho chi minh trail and vietnamese industry
118
What did operation rolling thundr avoid
International ports in fear of sparking wider conflict
Hanoi
119
Why did rolling thunder fail
Bombed HCM trail BUT thousands of VC were actively repairing it
Used Napalm and pineapple bombs BUT increased vietnamese opposition to the war
Bombed NV industry BUT most supplies arrived from overseas
Foreign aid routes were never targeted SO chinese supplies could still be used
250km of underground tunnels near saigon and many near HCM trail
120
How much money's worth of supplies did the chinese bring in in 65 and 67 to vietnam
65 - 210MLN
67 - 505MLN
121
What was the aim of search and destroy missions
Scout for enemy camps/supplies, later calling in artillery to destroy the area.
122
What was the problem with s&d missions
Support for the US fell as peoples villages were burnt on the suspicion of VC affiliation
123
When was operation cedar falls
1967
124
How many troops were part of operation cedar falls
30,000
125
What was the aim of cedar falls
To weaken VC in the iron triangle
126
Events of cedar falls
Villages were evacuated to allow for the triangle to become a free-fire zone. However some didnt get the memo and moved back in due to a lack of communication. They were then caught in the crossfire
127
Why were leaflets not effective at evacuating villagers
Many were illiterate and got caught in the crossfire
128
What did cedar falls highlight
Ignorance in the US chain of command
129
What was punji
Booby traps that injured enemies not killing them. This meant that extra men had to tend to the soldier and their unit would be largely disrupted
130
What was hugging the belt
Vc would ambush US squads and stay within close range so that artillery couldn't strike them
131
What percentage of US casualties came from ambush
51%
132
How many km of vc tunnels surrounded saigon
250
133
What was the VC's main tactic
Guerilla hit and run missions, major offensives were rare making them more effective and suprising
134
What did opinion polls show about the popularity of the war
As it went on, popularity decreased
135
Why was the media important in the vietnam war
It was the first war to be televised and not to be censored meaning that the media had some responsibilty seperate to the army of documenting the war
136
When was the my lai massacre
March 16th 1968
137
How many women, seniors and children were killed at my lai
500
138
What caused my lai
Charlie company were told to expect enemy fire at my lai however didnt get any. Despite this they executed the village
139
How was my lai cobered up and then exposed
- My lai was covered up by senior officials, documenting 20 civilian collateral deaths
- exposing this, rindenhour amassed eye witness evidence and submitted it to political figures to expose the cover up
- an investigation was launched and lieutenant calley was the only one found guilty and sentenced. Senior officials didnt get charged even though they covered it up.
140
Significance of my lai
Created division between government and people
Trust was broken and there was outrage at the treatment of vietnamese people.
The media was shown to be more reputable
Many were outraged calley took all the blame
141
When did the kent state shooting happen
4 days after nixon's expansion into cambodia
142
Events of kent state
- tension was growing between pro and anti war demonstrators on campus
- 2nd may - usmc building burnt down, the mayor sent in state troops
- a ban forbid demonstrations on campus
- 4th may, 2000 demonstrators protested anyway growing rowdy with state troops
- troops opened fire into the crowd killing 4, 2 of which were bystanders
143
Significance of kent state
The war was growing tiring and people wanted it to end, it was dividing home and more important domestic issuez couldve been resolved
144
Opposition in congress
Tet was key in changing the minds of Hawks to Doves
Many wanted the war to end
The was was expensive
The war seemed unwinnable and a bad use of resource. After all whenever the americans left the vietnamese would still be their and it would still be their country
The opposition is govermnet criticised the elected cabinet
Social opposition pushed for change amongst politicians
