History of Vaccination Flashcards
Conferring protection against disease through inoculation of a part or whole organism that has been made partially or totally avirulent is called ___________.
Vaccination
The term “vaccine” is derived from “vacca”, the latin word for _______.
Cow
True or False: The material of cowpox was used to inoculate against smallpox.
True
The first vaccine created against this disease
Smallpox
Smallpox eradication was possible because there is no _____________.
animal reservoir
Smallpox is also known as _____.
Variola major
Cowpox injected into the human body was found to protect it from the more virulent disease (____).
Smallpox
_________ was the method first used to immunize an individual against smallpox (Variola) with material taken from a patient or a recently variolated individual in the hope that a mild, but protective infection would result.
Variolation
Who spread the practice of inoculation against smallpox to Europe?
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Another name for variolation is ________.
engrafting
________ was a physician that was a pioneer in the development of the smallpox vaccine.
Edward Jenner
________ was a strong public advocate who promoted the use of smallpox vaccine to prevent outbreaks among residents of the Boston area.
Cotton Mather
Smallpox vaccine uses a _____ needle.
bifurcated
The problem with jet injectors and vaccination is that they caused the spread of this disease.
Hepatitis B
Getting rid of a disease at the national level is called _____, while globally eliminating a disease is called _________.
National level = Elimination
Global level = Eradication
Where was smallpox eliminated first?
South America
When was smallpox eradicated?
1979
What type of virus is polio?
enterovirus
Why is polio considered a summer disease?
Bc it is an enterovirus, so spread through the gut, so can be found in swimming pools and spread that way.
An iron lung was used for this disease because it would paralyze the muscles in the chest, not allowing for normal breathing.
polio
There are 2 types of polio vaccines. Which is the live attenuated vaccine?
Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)
___________ developed the oral polio vaccine.
Albert Sabin
The __________ refers to the incident in which a vaccine manufacturer did no correctly make the vaccine and therefore caused the spread of polio. Quick acting people shut down the manufacturer that was problematic.
Cutter Incident
True or False: Informed consent was around and in use during early vaccine trials.
False
Human trials in this disease state caused informed consent issues and created a need for it.
Yellow fever
Who are the 2 scientists who developed the BCG vaccine?
Calmette and Guerin (vaccine named after them)
_______ vaccine is an attenuated strain of Mycobacetrium bovis used to protect against TB.
BCG vaccine
Which continent accounts for the majority of human rabies cases reported?
Asia
Louis Pasteur played a key role in the development of the _____ vaccine.
Rabies
By the end of the 19th century, we had 3 human bacterial vaccines (all killed). What are they?
Cholera, Plague, and Typhoid fever
By the end of the 19th century, we had 2 human virus vaccines. What are they?
Rabies, Variola (smallpox vaccine)
When the polio vaccine first began to be used, it had to be grown and then inactivated with ________.
Formaldehyde
________ and _______ first grew the polio vaccine.
Weller, Enders, and Robbins
_______ is a non-whole bacteria that can cause severe cases of meningitis, disability, and paralysis.
HIB (Haemophilus influenzae type b)
Which protects for a longer period of time: Acellular pertussis or whole cellular pertussis?
Whole cellular pertussis
This is a viral subunit vaccine that is considered an anti-cancer vaccine because it prevents hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatitis B Vaccine
EPI stands for _______.
Expanded Program on Immunization
EPI was founded in ______.
1974
The pentavalent vaccine consists of _________.
DTP (Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis), Hib, and Hepatitis B
The ability for a pathogen to be transmitted to multiple people is called ______.
R nought (Ro)
True or False: the Cutter incidence was essentially the birth of vaccine regulation.
True
Which was discovered first: IPV or OPV?
IPV (in 1955)
OPV (in 1960s)
Where are there polio cases still being documented?
Pakistan and Afghanistan
Whooping cough is caused by ______.
Pertussis
_________ demonstrated that a deliberate infection with cowpox provided protection against smallpox. He called it vaccination from the work vacca meaning cow.
Edward Jenner
Vaccine to protect against HPV is called _______. HPV can cause cancer. Many are cervical cancers in females or throat cancers in males. So this is a vaccine that PREVENTS CANCER.
Gardasil
_______ is the introduction of dried pus from smallpox pustules into the skin of a patient,
Variolation
