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COUN 530 > History of the Counseling Profession > Flashcards

History of the Counseling Profession Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Frank Parsons (aka “Founder of Guidance”)?

A

The founder of Boston’s Vocational Bureau in 1908.

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2
Q

Frank Parsons theorized…

A

…that choosing a vocation was a matter of relating three factors:
- a knowledge of the world of work
- a knowledge of self
- the use of true reasoning to match the two.

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3
Q

Who is Jesse B. Davis?

A

The first person to set up a systematized guidance program in the public schools.

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4
Q

Jesse B. Davis and other progressive educators advocated for…

A

…school guidance (a preventive educational means of teaching students how to deal effectively with life events).

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5
Q

Who is Clifford Beers?

A
  • An advocate for better mental health facilities and reform in the treatment of mentally ill individuals.
  • The author of A Mind That Found Itself (1908), in which he describes his experiences as a patient in mental institutions with deplorable conditions.
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6
Q

NVGA

A
  • National Vocational Guidance Association
  • Founded in 1913 and the forerunner of the ACA
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7
Q

What was the impact of WWI on the counseling profession?

A

An interest in group testing – to screen personnel, the U.S. Army commissioned the development of numerous psychological instruments, among them the Army Alpha and Army Beta intelligence tests.

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8
Q

What was the impact of the Great Depression on the counseling profession?

A

It influenced researchers and practitioners to emphasize helping strategies and counseling methods that related to employment.

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9
Q

Who is E. G. Williamson?

A

The developer of the first counseling theory, known as Minnesota Point of View or trait-factor counseling.

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10
Q

One premise of Williamson’s theory was…

A

…that persons had traits (e.g., aptitudes, interests, personalities, achievements) that could be integrated in a variety of ways to form factors (i.e., constellations of individual characteristics).

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11
Q

According to Williamson, counseling was…

A

…based on a scientific, problem-solving, empirical method that was individually tailored to each client to help him or her stop nonproductive thinking and become an effective decision maker

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12
Q

Who is John Brewer?

A

The author of Education as Guidance (1932), which proposed that every teacher be a counselor and that guidance be incorporated into the school curriculum.

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13
Q

Brewer believed that…

A

all education should focus on preparing students to live outside the school environment.

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14
Q

Who is Carl Rogers?

A

The author of Counseling and Psychotherapy (1942), which challenged other counseling approaches and proposed a client centered approach.

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15
Q

Rogers Advocated giving clients…
and described the role of the counselor as being…

A

… the responsibility for their own growth
… nonjudgmental and accepting, and reflecting the verbal and emotional manifestations of the client.

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16
Q

Roger’s work led to a new emphasis on…

A

…the importance of the counseling relationship, skills, and goals.

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17
Q

What was the impact of WWII on the counseling profession? (Three parts)

A
  • The U.S. government needed counselors and psychologists to help select and train specialists for the military and for industry.
  • The war influenced the way vocations were looked at for men and women.
  • Mental health professionals worked successfully with a large number of military personnel who suffered emotional breakdowns. THis led to funding for research, education, and training as a result of the National Mental Health Act and monies from the VA and GI Bill.
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18
Q

APGA

A
  • American Personnel and Guidance Association
  • formed in 1952 with the purpose of formally organizing groups interested in guidance, counseling, and personnel matters.
  • it’s name was changes to the American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD), and then the American Counseling Association (ACA)
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19
Q

The Society of Counseling Psychology was establish in 1952 and distinguished between counseling psychology and clinical psychology, holding that counseling psychology was…

A

…more concerned with normal human growth and development and was influenced by both vocational counseling and humanistic psychotherapy.

20
Q

What was the impact of Sputnik I and subsequent the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) on the counseling profession?

A
  • The act’s primary purpose was to identify scientifically and academically talented students and promote their development.
  • NDEA provided funds for upgrading school counseling programs, establishing counseling institutes, and training school counselors through Title V-A and Title V-B.
21
Q

Who is Gilbert Wrenn?

A

The author of The Counselor in a Changing World (1962a), which emphasized working with others to resolve developmental needs.

22
Q

Which counselors reinforced the work of Wrenn in the 1960’s?

A

Leona Tyler and Donald Butcher

23
Q

Counseling influences in the 60’s included…

A
  • humanistic counseling theories (Dugald Arbuckle, Abraham Maslow, and Sidney Jourard)
  • group counseling
  • behavioral counseling (John Krumboltz)
  • cognitive therapy (Aaron Beck)
24
Q

The 1963 Community Mental Health Centers Act authorized the establishment of…

A

…community mental health centers (CMHCs) that focused on outpatient, community-based services.

25
Q

The advent of community mental health centers opened up new counseling employment opportunities outside educational settings. Examples include:

A
  • Substance abuse and addiction counseling
  • Marriage and family counseling
26
Q

AMHCA

A
  • The American Mental Health Counselor Association
  • Founded in 1976 as a division of APGA
27
Q

ACES

A
  • Association for Counselor Education and Supervision
  • a division of APGA, outlined the standards for a master’s degree in counseling. In 1977, ACES approved guidelines for doctoral preparation in counseling
28
Q

CACREP

A
  • Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs, formed in 1981.
  • Standardized counselor education programs for master’s and doctoral programs in the areas of school, community, mental health, marriage and family counseling/therapy, and personnel services for college students.
29
Q

NBCC

A

National Board for Certified Counselors, formed in 1982

30
Q

NACCMHC

A

National Academy of Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselors

31
Q

AACD

A
  • American Association for Counseling and Development
  • Formerly the APGA, and later changed to the American Counseling Association (ACA)
32
Q

Who is Tom Sweeney?

A

The founder of Chi Sigma Iota, an international academic and professional honor society

33
Q

Nonprofessional helpers

A
  • Friends, untrained volunteers
  • Vary greatly; no formal training in helping skills
34
Q

Generalist human services workers

A
  • Probation personnel, mental health technicians, youth counselors
  • Have basic helping skills; often work as part of a team
35
Q

Professional helpers, or “therapeutic professionals”

A
  • Psychiatrists, social workers, psychologists, clinical mental health counselors Advanced skilled training
  • Assist at preventive, developmental, and remedial level
36
Q

Professional counseling is defined as…

A

…a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals.

37
Q

Counseling specialties are…

A

… areas within counseling that focus on particular populations, settings, or issues and require advanced knowledge and skills.

38
Q

Inspection Process

A
  • Whereby a state agency periodically examines the activities of a profession’s practitioners
  • Ascertains whether professionals are practicing the profession in a fashion consistent with public safety, health, and welfare
39
Q

Registration Process

A
  • Whereby practitioners voluntarily submit information to the state concerning the nature of their practice
  • Provides a way to gain legal recognition for a profession from a state
40
Q

Certification Process

A
  • By which an agency or association grants recognition to an individual for having met certain predetermined professional qualifications
  • Is broader than a state license and not subject to state politics; provides referrals; recognizes counseling specialties
41
Q

Licensure Statutory

A
  • Process by which an agency of government, usually a state, grants permission to a person meeting predetermined qualifications to engage in a given occupation and/or use a particular title, and to perform specified functions
  • Protects the public from nonqualified mental health practitioners; recognizes a profession and its practices
42
Q

FACT

A
  • National Fair Access Coalition on Testing
  • Founded in 1996, responding to attempts by state psychology licensure boards to restrict assessment practices of other trained professionals
  • advocates for equitable access to testing services for all appropriately trained professionals who have demonstrated competence in administering and interpreting assessment instruments
43
Q

Social worker

A
  • BA, MSW, DSW
  • Negotiates social systems and advocates for change; provides social services; may do counseling
44
Q

Psychiatric mental health nurse

A
  • MS, PhD
  • Assesses patients; diagnoses disorders; provides psychotherapy; prescribes medications; may do counseling
44
Q

Psychiatrist

A
  • MD
  • Diagnoses psychological disorders in patients; may have a biopsychosocial focus; prescribes medications; may do counseling
45
Q

Psychologist

A
  • PhD, PsyD
  • May specialize in clinical, counseling, social, developmental, cognitive, and school psychology; provides diagnosis, psychometrics, research, and counseling; psychology shares a long history with counselor education but is distinct
46
Q

Clinical mental health counselor

A
  • MA
  • Provides primary service counseling with individuals, groups, couples, and families in such areas as career and lifestyle issues, marriage and family concerns, addictions, stress management, crisis intervention, disaster relief, mental health disorders, developmental concerns, and grief and loss

COUN 530 (3 decks)

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