History of the Classification of Psychological Distress Flashcards
How did Emil Kraeplin contribute to the classification systems?
Believed Psychiatry was a nature science.
Used case studies.
Believed in discrete diseases that were genetic, nervous, separate, fixed and degenerating.
Classified using a syndrome approach.
Define the syndrome approach.
Cluster of enduring symptoms that tend to co-occur.
What were mood depressions originally named?
Manic depression.
What was schizophrenia originally named?
Dementia praecox.
Name one of the main issues with psychiatric diagnoses and social power.
Only targeted behaviour that challenged the status quo and the powerful would be diagnosed.
Example: draepomania - disease of slaves wanting to run away for freedom.
What was the Freudian synthesis?
It was a model which showed the interactions between the ID, EGO, SUPEREGO, instincts, perceptual system and external reality.
What did shell shock soldiers suggest about changing social conditions?
That this can bring new categories of psychiatric distress.
Explain the relationship between psychiatrists and the army during WWII.
Psychiatrists offered patriotic assistance.
Personality tests were used for selection such as Group Rorschach tests.
Military screening was completed - 12% of men rejected in the USA.
Psychiatric assessment of traumatised soldiers - whether this was predisposition or stress. This led to optimistic theories of psychiatric rehabilitation.
Soldiers were distributed self-help materials.
What was one of the main factor in the growth of Clinical Psychology?
Psychologists drawn into war work.
What is the DSM?
It is a diagnosis manual.
It is separate from the ICD which is used in America.
It was highly influenced by psychoanalysis.
Briefly explain what John Bowlby studied.
Effects of trauma on children.
Importance of real experiences of separation and loss.
Maternal deprivation - used to discourage women from working.
What is one of the main criticism on the DSM?
Mental illnesses change depending on the social norms of that time.
Example: homosexuality was originally seen as a mental illness.
What was Thomas Szasz’s view on psychiatry?
He believed that mental illness was a myth.
Believed that psychiatry was an institution of social control.
Briefly explain the Disease Model of homosexuality (1970s).
Homosexuality is inherently bad.
Same-sex relationships are symptoms of pathology.
Can we change gay people?
Focussed on the causes of homosexuality.
Briefly explain the Stigma Model of homosexuality.
Viewing homosexuality as bad is prejudice.
Same-sex relationships are just relationships.
Can we change society?
What causes prejudice?
Less focussed on the causes of homosexuality.
