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Miscelleneous > History of psychiatry as a medical specialty > Flashcards

History of psychiatry as a medical specialty Flashcards

1
Q

Which physician “liberated the insane from their chains”

A

Phillipe Pinel- made the study of psychiatry a brach of medicine Medico-philisophical treatise on mental alienation

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2
Q

When did the specialties of neurology and psychiatry separate

A

1960

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3
Q

Initial meaning of neuroses and who coined the term

A

1769, Cullen, dysfunction of the nervous system

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4
Q

Developments from beginning of 20th century to 2nd world war

A
  1. Kraeplin’s nosological system in 1900, altered in 1911 by Bleuler’s description of SCZ and Jaspers psychopathological perspective
  2. Overpopulation of asylums
  3. Specialist training for psychiatrist
  4. Focus on social factors, mental health (Adolf Meyer)
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5
Q

Expansion of psychiatry after 1945

A
  1. Recognition of mental health as important task by govnt
  2. New perspectives- biopsychosocial
  3. The psychodynamic wave-> psychoanalysts of Germany forced out to USA
  4. 1960-> expansion of behavioural and cognitive therapies
  5. Social wave> focus on community mental health care, reducing inpatient beds, access to psychiatric care
  6. Biological wave-> 1952: chlorpromazine discovered to be beneficial in schizophrenia and mania, 1949 lithium for mania, 1957 imipramine and MOAi
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6
Q

Who was Alois Alzheimer

A

German psychiatris and neuropathologist
Colleague of Emil Kraeplin
Identified “presenile dementia which Kraeplin would later identify as Alzheimer’s

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7
Q

Who identified Alzheimers

A

Emil Kraeplin

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8
Q

Who was Durkheim

A

French Sociologist
Modern social science
Seminal monograph on suicide
Refined the positivism

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9
Q

Wilhelm Griesinger

A

Head of institution for mentally handicapped

Proposed modern model of community care, closure of asylums, recovery model

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10
Q

Karl Jaspers

A

Phenomenology
Documenting and describing link of phenomenology with diagnosis
German
Diagnosis should be based on form, not content
Primary delusions- un-understandable

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11
Q

Theodor Meynert

A

German-Austrian
Brain anatomy, histology, topography
Cerebral-cortext cytoarchictectonics
Theories in regards to correlating neuroanatomy and mental processes
Link between cerebral pathologies and psychoses

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12
Q

Franz Nissl

A

Neuropathologist
Neural connections between cortex and thalamic nuclei
Popularised use of spinal puncture

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13
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

German physician/anatomist/psychiatrist
Brain disease on speech and language
Found damage to L posterior superior temporal gyrus resulted in deficits in language comprehension “Wernicke’s area”

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14
Q

Wilhelm Windelband

A

German
Nomothetic and idiographic measures in psychology
Philosophy should engage in humanistic dialogue with natural sciences and no uncritically appropriating its methodologies

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15
Q

Who showed neurological changes in general paralysis different than those in dementia

A

Nissl

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16
Q

Who claimed mental illnesses are brain illnesses

A

Griesinger

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17
Q

Who argued that philosophy should engage in humanistic dialogue with natural sciences rather than uncritically appropriating its methodologies

A

Windelband

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18
Q

Founder of cortex cytoarchtectonics

A

Meynert

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19
Q

Who examined neural connections between human cortex and nuclei

A

Nissl

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20
Q

William Cullen

A

Scottish proponent of moral treatment

1710-1790

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21
Q

Donald Hebb

A

The organisation of Human Behaviour
Research on interrogation techniques funded by CIA
Canadian psychologist

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22
Q

Robert Whytt

A

On nervous, hypochondriac or hysteric diseases

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23
Q

Herbert Graf

A

Little Hans discussed in Frueds 1909 study Analysis of a phobia in a 5 year old boy

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24
Q

Little Albert Experiment (John Watson)

A
  1. Introduction of a loud sound (unconditioned stimulus) resulted in fear (unconditioned response), a natural response
  2. Intro of rat (neutral) paired with loud sound resulted in fear
  3. Successive intro of rat resulted in fear
    Classical conditioning
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25
Q

Harry Stack Sullivan

A

1892-1949
Advocated for psychotherapy in patients with schizophrenia
Interpersonal theory
Influenced by Adolf Meyers belief that psychiatric sx represent pathological reaction to personal circumstances

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26
Q

Ernst Kretschmer

A 
Described schizoid personality
Relationship between 3 different physical types and psychological disorder
"Short round people-> cyclothymia/BP"
"Thin asthenic-> schizophrenia"
Failed to control for age
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27
Q

Nathan Kline

A

Investigated Reserpine-> found that approx 70% those suffering with Schizophrenia were markedly relieved from their symptoms
Investigated properties of iproniazid as antidepressant (MAOi)
Psychopharmacology

28
Q

Max Hamilton

A

Hamilton rating scale for depression, used widely in clinical trials for antidepressants

29
Q

Max Fink

A

Best known for work on ECT-> founded journal Convulsive Therapy

30
Q

Eugene Bleuler

A

Coined terms Schizophrenia, Autism

“Ambivalence”

31
Q

Erving Goffman

A

1922-1982
“Most influential Sociologist of 20th century:
Symbiotic interactions, Asylums, Interaction Ritual, Frame analysis, Forms of talk
Studied- social interactions, social construction of self, social organisation of experience, stigmas

32
Q

Who described the case of Anna O

A

Josef Bruer
Pseudonym for Bertha Papenheim- case study in book “Studies on Hysteria”
Marked beginning of psychoanalysis/free association

33
Q

Who is best associated with “Illness of the nerves”

A

Robert Wyatt

34
Q

With whom is the development and application of an inverted U-shaped curve to the relationship between performance and anxiety best associated with

A

Donald Hebb

35
Q

With whom is ‘Little Albert’ best associated with

A

John B Watson

36
Q

Who first described the concept of ‘Transference’

A

Freud

37
Q

Who advocated for psychotherapy for patients with SCZ

A

Harry Stack Sullivan

38
Q

Who argued that mental hospital exercised an ominous kind of control over patients because they functioned as ‘total institutions

A

Erving Goffman

39
Q

Who promoted use of ECT in USA

A

Max fink

40
Q

Who established concept of ‘schizoid personality’

A

Ernst Kretschmer

41
Q

Who coined the term autism

A

Eugene Beluler

42
Q

Who introduced reserpine for chronically ill psychiatric patients

A

Nathan Kline

43
Q

Who is little Hans best associated

A

Robert Wyatt

44
Q

Plato

A

Classical Greek philosopher/Maths/Student of socrates
Founder of Academy of Athens, Western philosophy and science
“Questioned” whether father-son relationship mattered to the way the son turned out

45
Q

Arthur Schopenhauer

A

German philosopher
“World as Will and Representation”- world driven by continually dissatisfied will, seeking satisfaction, influenced by Eastern thought
Influential in history of phenomenology
“Will to live”

46
Q

Martin Seligman

A

Psychologist
Theory of learned helplessness
Positive psychology- The optimistic child, child’s play, Learned optimism

47
Q

George Borwn and Tirril Harris

A

Landmark 1978 study of Social origins of depression
Life events as key vulnerability “risk factors”
“Life Events and Difficulties Scale” as measure of stressfullness and life events

48
Q

What is Criminal Anthropology

A

Combination of study of human species and study of criminals- offender profile, links between nature of crime, personality/physical appearance of offender

49
Q

Who coined the term Moral insanity

A

James Cowels Prichard 1835
Type of mental disorder consisting of emotions and behaviours in the apparent absence of intellectual impairments, delusions or hallucinations. Accepted diagnosis in Europe/America through second half of 19th century

50
Q

Define “Moral insanity”

A

“Madness consisting in a morbid perversion of the natural feelings, affections, inclinations, temper, habits, moral dispositions and natural impulses, without any insane illusion or hallucinations.

51
Q

Neurasthenia

A

Described by George Miller Beard in 1869
Physcial and mental exhaustion previously called hypochondriasis
Treated by”rest cures”, exercise, massage and application of electrical stimuli

52
Q

Who described concept of “Learned Helplessness”

A

Seligman

53
Q

Who wrote the “Social origins of depression”

A

Brown and Harris

54
Q

Who’s work has found clinical application in body dysmorphic disorder

A

Morris

55
Q

Who claimed that ‘the world is driven by a continually dissatisfied will, continually seeking satisfaction’

A

Schopenhauer

56
Q

Who is best known for terms nomothetic and idiographic

A

Windelband

57
Q

Who’s views represented an opposition to psychologism and historicism schools by a critical philosophic system

A

Windelband

58
Q

Who frequently described the father/son relationship in their work

A

Plato

59
Q

Who is best associated with “A treatise on Insanity”

A

Pritchard

60
Q

Who is best associated with “Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizphrenia

A

Bleuler

61
Q

Who is best associated with “The interpretation of Dreams”

A

Frued

62
Q

Who is best associated with “An introduction to the Physical methods of treatment in psychiatry”

A

Sargent

63
Q

Who is best associated with “Pyschopathia Sexalis”

A

Von Kraft-Ebbing

64
Q

What did Raffaele Garofalo describe

A

Criminal anthropology

65
Q

What book did Jaseph Gall write

A

Wrote an early book on forensic psychiatry

66
Q

Who wrote “The object of Morality”

A

GJ Warnock

67
Q

What did Phillippe Pinel describe

A

Moral insanity

Miscelleneous (9 decks)

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