Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognition > History of psych🧐 > Flashcards

History of psych🧐 Flashcards

1
Q

Philosophical foundation of cognition

A

Rationalism & Empiricism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Psychology as an experimental science is based on what school of thinking

A

Structuralism & Functionalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Epistemology and who are the fathers

A

Philosophical study of human knowledge guided by Socrates, Aristotle and Plato

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 steps of the Socratic Method

A
  1. clarification
  2. questioning assumptions
  3. seeking alternatives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is one of the central element of Socrate philosophy

A

Knowing that you know nothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Order Aristotle, Socrate and Plato

A
  1. Socrate
  2. Plato (student of socrates)
  3. Aristotle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does knowledge involves according to Plato

A

Both experiences and reason which leads to deductive reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Plato’s view is associated to which school of thoughts

A

Rationalism + emphasis on the importance of a-priori knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Our mental processes and reasoning are ____ according to Plato

A

innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The allegory of the caverne demonstrate what exactly on our observation

A

Observation does not always lead to certainty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Aristotle philosophy is based on what

A

Empiricism, inductive observational reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who thinks we should learn from what we see

A

Aristotle according to inductive observational reasoning and empiricism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

According to Aristotle, thought arise forming ______ among _______

A

association, observations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

According to which greek philosopher the mind is nothing before forming associations

A

Aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

According to whom, knowledge comes from experience

A

Aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is empiricism more aligned with “Nature” or “Nurture”

A

Nurture! We are “programmed” by our environnement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Between Nature and Nurture, which supports that we are more programmed by our environment

A

Nurture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Rationalism is more aligned with “nature” or “nurture”

A

Nature! According to genetics for instance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What determines us according to the Nature point of view

A

Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Structuralism focuses on what

A

identifying the basic elements of thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which school of thought focuses on how the basic elements of our consciousness combine to form complex thoughts

A

Structuralism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which school of thought encourages introspection (reporting thought and observation)

A

Structuralism (think about Zachy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Who is the father of Structuralism

A

Wilhelm Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt strive to do

A

Identify the simplest units of the mind that he thought followed certain laws to create complex thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Wilhelm Wundt wanted to create what exactly (Mendeleev)

A

“mental” periodic table of elements –> Structuralism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Psychophysics are based on what

A

empirical introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does Psychophysics examines

A

cognitive phenomenon by linking sensory experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the thought meter and who named it

A

Name of the mental chronometry used to measure the time of reaction to a certain task –> by Wilhelm Wundt

29
Q

Who practiced pure introspection

A

Edward Titchener

30
Q

What does pure introspection lead to

A
  1. looking inward

2. association of basic thought = complex thoughts

31
Q

What is one of the critic of structuralism

A

Too subjective, not replicable and approach are too simplistic

32
Q

Who believed consciousness is personal and cannot be broken down into parts as it is constantly changing

A

William James : Functionalist Leader

33
Q

What is the focus of functionalism

A
  • Why the mind works

- usefulness of knowledge, of cognition

34
Q

What is the shift of 1900s in psych

A

Shift from studying the mind to simply behaviour

35
Q

True of False : Behaviour is contingent on a schedule of reinforcement, rewards and punishments

A

True, rewards encourage behaviours, punishment reduce behaviours

36
Q

What is one of the problem with Behaviourism

A
  • overestimation of the scope of their explanations
  • cannot account for complex human behaviour
  • assumption that learning is the same for all and same across species is false
37
Q

What is the view of behaviourism on language

A

Language is learned through conditioning

–> this doesn’t take into consideration the mental processed of language…limitation!

38
Q

What happened during the cognitive revolution

A

Acceptance of

  • the internal mental states (like structuralism)
  • scientific method (aligns with Behaviourism)
39
Q

What caused the cognitive revolution

A

rise in technology and computer science

40
Q

Why make an analogy with the human mind and computer

A

Because it supports the view that the mind is like a processor of information

41
Q

What is the computation view of the mind

A

The mind performs a series of specific computations on inputs (info from external) to produce an output (behaviour)

42
Q

Computation is contained is what specific processing systems

A

attention, memory, perception

43
Q

True of false, the time it takes to process an information indicates the quantity of information processed

A

True, the amount of information processed and time to process are inversely related

44
Q

What is the difference between representation and processes

A

processes transform representation which are composed of symbolic forms of an entity

45
Q

in 2 + 2 = 4, what is the representation and the process

A

representation : 2, 4

process : +, =

46
Q

why do we process information

A

to reduce uncertainty

47
Q

getting interesting, what is the method of the William Hick experiment on reaction time and information content

A

Display of 10 lamps where one lamp lit up every few second. Participant had to press bottom when lamp lights up
Trial 1 : only one lamp light up
Trial 2 : any of the ten light up

48
Q

What is the conclusion of the lamp experiment of W. Hick

A

reaction time to press the buttom increased as the number of lamp that could possible light up increased

49
Q

What is Hick’s Law

A

The more information contained in a signal, the longer it takes to make a correct response to the signal

50
Q

What is the method of Ray Hyman experiment with lamp named with Bs

A

Exp. 1 : increased the variety of choice (3 lamps vs 2 lamps)

Exp. 2 : Varied the number of times a light was active, so increases the familiarity

Exp. 3 : altered the sequential probabilities

  • high sequential probability : light likely to light up after one precise one
  • low sequential probability : complete randomness in order
51
Q

What are the conclusions of Ray Hyman experiment 1, where they increased the variety of choice (3 lamps vs 2 lamps)

A

increasing the variety increases the time of response

52
Q

What are the conclusions of Ray Hyman experiment 2 where they varied the number of times a light was active, so increases the familiarity

A

↑ the familiarity, ↓ reaction time

53
Q

What are the conclusions of Ray Hyman experiment 3 where they altered the sequential probabilities

A

The higher is the sequential probability, the shorter is the reaction time

54
Q

What is the sum up conclusion of Ray Hyman experiment

A

↑ uncertainty, ↑ information must be processed, ↑ reaction time

55
Q

What causes decision fatigue

A

We have a limited amount of cognitive processing

56
Q

What is the consequences of EARLY decision fatigue

A

affect our ability to make later decision

57
Q

What are the results of Webster & Thompson air traffic experiment

A

Call signals where well identified as the contain less information compared to unrelated word messages that needed more processing due to the unfamiliarity of the message

58
Q

What is the conclusion of Webster & Thompson air traffic experiment

A

Demonstrated that our processing capacity is limited and this limit is partly determined by FAMILIARITY

59
Q

What are schemas

A

they are organized templates to assist information processing that direct exploration of the environment

Ex: university class, dining out, going to the doctor

60
Q

True or false, Schema’s guide exploration of the world and are shaped by what we find

A

True

61
Q

Actual environment → ? → knowledge of the environment

A

Modifies

62
Q

Perceptual exploration → ? → Actual environment

A

Samples

63
Q

Knowledge of the environment → ? → Perceptual exploration

A

Directs

64
Q

What is cognitive ethology

A

A united approach that supports the complementarity of standard laboratory tests and real-world observations

65
Q

Cognitive ethology is a synonym for ecologically valid research

A

yes, it is!

66
Q

How to clothes influence cognition according to experiment with casual and formal clothes

A

Formal clothes are associated with abstract, big picture thinking

67
Q

True or false, human cognition does not change across situations

A

False, it does change across situation, a lot!

68
Q

What are some consequences of laboratory research in psychology

A
  • don’t take into consideration that human cognition changes across situation
  • don’t take into consideration that emotions, motivation and distraction influence how we think
  • very objective
  • bring essential accurate measure on objective aspect of cognition
69
Q

What methods can we use to study cognition in the real-world

A
  • cameras
  • social experiment in the street
  • data analysis of people…woupsi
  • so many others!! THINK OUTSIDE THE BOX

Cognition (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions