Bilingualism Flashcards
What are the myth of bilingualism
- it delays language
- can’t separate, mixing
- semi-lingualism
- perfect bilingual = monolingual
True or false, bilingual and monolingual have the same fundamental milestone
true
What is the current view of code-switching?
it actually requires high proficiency in both languages to switch easily
What differentiates balanced and asymmetric bilingual
balanced is the acquisition of the second language simultaneously with the first one, whereas asymetric bilangual is about sequential learning of both languages (early vs late)
What may influence bilingualism (7)
- age of acquisition
- source of language input
- language pairs
- social and political influences
- proficiency
- distribution of current use
- socio-political context
Who has the greatest cognitive demand between bilingual and monolingual
bilingual
What are the 2 hypotheses to describe how do 2 languages interact
- Language selective activation
2. Language non-selective activation
What differentiates language selective activation and language non-selective activation
selective activation hypothesis states that we can “turn-off” the other language, whereas the non-selective activation states that we cannot “turn-off” completely one of our language and words from both language compete for selection
How do psycho-linguist test the 2 hypothesis
- test consequence of knowing 2 languages
2. evaluate reaction time and accuracy of when words are processed
What characterizes cognates
words that have the same form and the same meaning
How do we call words that have the same form, but different meaning
interlingual homograph
What is the prediction of the reaction time of an interlingual homograph in a non-selective access
reading would be slower than selective access
What is the prediction of the reaction time of a cognate in a non-selective access
reading would be faster, facilitated
How to characterize eye movement for reading the second language
Spends more time on certain words, so fixation time is greater and many regression (going back)
When we read, how are our eye movement
eyes make short fixation and separated by many saccades (jumps) and backtracking (regression)
*reading is not SMOOTH
When reading in our first language, are all the words read
No, not all! ~20% is skipped
Initial lexical activation is part of which stage of cognitive processing
Earliest Stages of cognitive processing
Revision of an initial interpretation that was wrong is according to which stage of cognitive processing
Later states of cognitive processing
What are the 3 hypotheses of Libben and Titone research
- Is bilingual reading language selective or non-selective
- if non-selective what is the time-course of co-activation
- does the meaning of the sentence matter (how do they keep the 2 languages separated
What is the method used in Libben & Titone research
Compared Low and high semantic constraint fixation duration
What are the conclusions about the selective and non-selective activation according to Libben and Titone research
Relatively confirm language non-selective activation
- both languages activated early and late
- semantics can allow for selective access at late stages of processing
What did Libben and Titone research show about the impact of high-semantic constraints
with high-constraint, the individual can reduce the activation of the unattended language
How bilingual choose the language to speak
all about executive control
How do we measure executive control and what is measured
with Stroop Task where the gaze duration is measured
What is the conclusion of the Pivnea, Mercier & Titone research using the Stroop Task?
People with good executive control take less time to process homograph words compared to people with bad executive control who take more time to process homograph
How do executive control affect conflict between 2 languages
It reduces the conflict with the unintended language
What are the consequences of bilingualism
- enhanced executive functions across life span
2. delayed symptoms of Alzheimer’s
How do bilingual people perform on the stroop-type tasks
they have a small difference between congruent and incongruent trials compared to monolingual
How do the 2 languages of the bilingual interact
bilingual experience interactions of facilitation and competition between the 2 languages according to the non-selective hypothesis
How do bilinguals control their 2 languages
They use linguistic information and executive control abilities to help separate the 2 languages, but not completely
What are the consequences of bilingualism
Repeated competition and employment of executive control strengthens a mental muscle
