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Personality Psychology > History of Personality > Flashcards

History of Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Paradigm

A

Scientific theories, one paradigm shares commonalities in its approach

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2
Q

Operationism

A

Theories are abstract, must be scientifically testable

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3
Q

Person-situation interaction

A

Ways situations, past and present, interact

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4
Q

External validity

A

Theory applies beyond its own subjects of study

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5
Q

Person-situation interaction

A

Ways situations, past and present, interact with a person

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6
Q

Continuity assumption

A

Normal and disturbed people vary in degree not kind

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7
Q

Assumptions of science (4)

A

Determinism, discoverability, scientific method, potential human benefit

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8
Q

The 1950’s-1970’s for personality psych was a time for ___

A

developing key constructs

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9
Q

Main factors that influence personality (3)

A

friends, genetics, parents

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10
Q

What contemporary attitudes in Austria influence Freud’s work

A

Victorian sexual moraility

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11
Q

Who published Personality: A Psychological Interpretation

A

Gordon Allport

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12
Q

Ethics in personality mean that ___

A

patient/participant provide informed consent

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13
Q

What does each personality theory reflect

A

interests and purposes of individual theorist

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14
Q

What behaviour did operant condition try to encourage

A

pro-social

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15
Q

What scientific idea influenced Freud

A

Theory of evolution

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16
Q

What historical events may have influenced Skinner

A

WWII

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17
Q

Modern personality psych arose in the ___

A

1930’s

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18
Q

History of personality psych goes back to ___

A

ancient greek times

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19
Q

What is a code of ethics

A

regulations of how to act within a certain profession

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20
Q

What personal exp may have affected Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

childhood abuse

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21
Q

What are personality traits

A

person’s usual ways of thinking, behaving, feeling

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22
Q

How do personality theories differ from philosophy

A

take a psychological and scientific approach

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23
Q

A personality trait is considered to be ___

A

enduring, relatively stable and rarely change much

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24
Q

What is personality

A

How an individual reacts due to internal factors, more scientific than personology

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25
Q

What is personology

A

Term before personality, what makes people unique

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26
Q

Explain contribution of Hippocrates

A

physiology affects personality
the physical humors- fluid in body and each fluid linked to personality trait type, people had diff amounts hence diff personalities

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27
Q

Explain contribution of Galen

A

same as Hipporcrates

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28
Q

Explain contribution of Plato

A

psychologist and philosopher

personality dvp begins in childhood

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29
Q

What are the four humors

A

Black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, blood

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30
Q

Personality traits associated with black bile

A

melancholic: deep thinker, obsessive

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31
Q

Personality traits associated with yellow bile

A

choleric: easily irritable, most negative out of all, passionate

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32
Q

Personality traits associated with phlegm

A

phlegmatic: calm deposition, avoids conflict

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33
Q

Personality traits associated with blood

A

sanguine: optimistic, friendly, social

34
Q

What was the believed relationship between the humors and mental health

A

sickness showed the four humors outside of the body therefore must also affect inside when mentally sick

35
Q

Before modern medicine what 3 procedures were done to mentally ill ppl

A

bloodletting: release fluid to restore balance
leeches: conservative bloodletting
trepanning: drill hole in skull to restore balance

36
Q

What is the Barnum effect

A

tendency to believe accuracy of vague generalities about your personality

37
Q

What is the document for psych ethics of research called and the year it was released

A

Belmont report

1970’s

38
Q

What is construct validity

A

extent to which test truly measures theoretical construct

39
Q

Case study

A

info collected about one person

40
Q

Attributes of clinical method (3)

A

formulation of potentially answerable q’s
operationally defined concepts
attitude of willingness to submit ideas to test

41
Q

Major limitation of correlation studies

A

cannot provide info about casual relationships among variables

42
Q

Freudians and other clinical investigators would use __ data

A

S-data

43
Q

Reliability refers to

A

ability of a scale to give consistent results

44
Q

Wording of items is sometimes reversed to ___

A

avoid response biases

45
Q

A criticism of projective personality tests

A

highly subjective, problems with reliability and validity

46
Q

Theories should be able to pass the test of ___

A

falsifiability: able to test theory to determine the truth of claims as true or false

47
Q

MMPI

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

48
Q

Construct bias

A

when a test has diff meanings for members of diff cultural groups

49
Q

Purpose of projective personality test

A

uncover hidden emotions or attitudes that are impacting subject’s life

50
Q

Acquiescence bias

A

yeah-saying, agreeing to be agreeable, no useful info

51
Q

Personality tests should define ___ from varied sample of population

A

normality/success

52
Q

Borderline personality disorder is more frequently diagnosed in ___ than in ___

A

women, men

53
Q

Most accurate predictions are based on ___

A

sound statistical formulas and rules

54
Q

Social desirability bias

A

participants untruthful about socially taboo behaviours

55
Q

S-data

A

self-disclosure

56
Q

L-data

A

life history

57
Q

O-data

A

reports observers make of target

58
Q

B-data

A

observed behaviour

59
Q

Most important data type

A

B-data

60
Q

Diff b/t quantitative and qualitative methods

A

qualitative: types
quantitative: amount

61
Q

Correlational studies measures what

A

if two variables affect each other

62
Q

Strengths of correlational studies

A

shows +/- relatioship

63
Q

Weaknesses of correlational studies

A

does not show causation

64
Q

Introspection

A

examination of one’s on conscious thoughts and feelings

65
Q

Reliavility

A

Measurement tool consistently gives same answer

66
Q

Two types of reliability

A

large sample size

controlled testing conditions

67
Q

Validity

A

extent to which tool measures what it’s supposed to measure

68
Q

5 types of validity

A

face validity
construct validity
content validity
predictive validity

69
Q

Error variance

A

portion of variance in scores due to outside variables and measurement error

70
Q

Extreme bias

A

using extreme ends of scale to answer q’s

71
Q

Method bias

A

factors related to administration of test, results diff among diff cultural groups

72
Q

Item bias

A

problems with bias

73
Q

Ethnic bias

A

test procedures yield inaccurate results with members of ethnic minority groups

74
Q

Gender bias

A

gender biases in personality assessment instruments and clinical diagnostic criteria

75
Q

Projective tests

A

ambiguous images, bring out unconscious thoughts into open for observation
based on Freudian psychology

76
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

ambiguous image, interpreted by psychologist

77
Q

Cons of Rorschach inkblot test

A

not objective enough

does not related well to diagnosis

78
Q

Pros of Rorschach inkblot test

A

popular among clinicians

used as part of comprehensive psych assesment

79
Q

Thematic appreciation test

A

series of cards with images, subject tells story with images, gives insight to inner motivations and feelings

80
Q

How could personality tests be misused

A

given selectively to only one group due to assumptions
built-in-bias-informs entire personality test against non-white participants and women
can discriminate on how a person thinks

Personality Psychology (6 decks)

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