History of Now 2 Flashcards
Saddam Hussein
President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003.
Axis of Evil
G.W. Bush called Iraq, Iran, and North Korea this during the invasion post-911.
The Enabling Act
The Enabling Act of 1933, formally titled Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich, was an amendment to the Weimar Constitution that gave the German Cabinet — in effect, Chancellor Adolf Hitler — the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag.
Night of the long knives
A purge that took place in Nazi Germany from June 30 to July 2, 1934, when Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, carried out a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his hold on power in Germany
The Hitler Youth
The youth organisation of the Nazi Party in Germany. The members of the Hitler Youth were viewed as ensuring the future of Nazi Germany and were indoctrinated in Nazi ideology, including racism.
Cause of refugees
Partially the political fallouts spurred by the US
Two muslim faiths that fight eachother
Sunni (what Saddam Hussein was) and Shia
James Foley
James Wright Foley (October 18, 1973 – c. August 19, 2014) was an American journalist and video reporter. While working as a freelance war correspondent during the Syrian Civil War, he was abducted on November 22, 2012, in northwestern Syria. He was beheaded in August 2014 purportedly as a response to American airstrikes in Iraq, thus becoming the first American citizen killed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).
How did George Washington respond to the French Revolution while president?
He kept US neutral (the revolution involved pitting the French against the English) and urged the US to remain neutral when possible.
Barbary Wars
Series of conflicts against the US and pirates disrupting trade in the early 1800s.
Monroe Doctrine
A United States policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823. Along with telling the brits to stop plotting to re-colonize latin America, the doctrine asserted that the New World and the Old World were to remain distinctly separate spheres of influence, for they were composed of entirely separate and independent nations.
The event that triggered USA breaking with the Monroe Doctrine.
WW1 (1914 - 1919).
Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy
Altruism. Among other points, “Wilsonianism” advocated the spreading of democracy, the opening of global markets, the creation of an international organization dedicated to keeping peace, and an active global role for the United States. “The world must be safe for democracy!”
WW2
(1939 - 1945) - drug America back into foreign affairs.
Auschwitz
Major German concentration camp.
When did US start getting tied to oil in the east?
Post WW1 around WW2.
Turks
Nomadic tribesmen from central Asia.
Holy Land
Israel and the surrounding land today.
What led to the Crusades?
Turks gained power over the Arabs in the Middle East, notably in the Holy Land and what is now Turkey. They were much more brutal towards Christianity than the Arabs had been. This threatened the Byzantine empire.
When did the Crusades take place? Who?
1095 to 1291 between the European Christendom and the Islamic world.
Judaism vs Christianity vs Islam
Judaism is the root. Christians believe Christ is the messiah foretold in the Old Testament. Muslims think Muhammad is a prophet, not Jesus (though they think JC was special).
When did the caliphates loose steam?
1683 when the Turks (ruling the Ottoman Empire), pushed up into Europe to attack Vienna, the capital of Austria.
Mogul
India’s Muslim overlords c. 1600s,
Cosmopolitan
Including people of many different countries
Suez Canal
A sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez.
Theocracy
Form of government where priests rule (through God of course).
What event created a major blow to the Ottoman Empire?
WW1.
How did the modern borders of the Middle east come about?
Europeans, post WW1, drew them up - not the countries (since they were part of the defeated Ottoman Empire). This make the borders completely artificial - unlike other boarders, they don’t represent nations.
League of nations
The League of Nations, 1920. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
Zionism
The national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Palestine, `Canaan, or the Holy Land).
Balfour Declaration
The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during World War I announcing support for the establishment of a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine, then an Ottoman region with a small minority Jewish population.
British Mandate for Palestine
a “Class A” League of Nations mandate for the territories of Palestine, in which the Balfour Declaration’s “national home for the Jewish people” was to be established (valid 29 September 1923 – 15 May 1948).
Jewish dispora
The dispersion of Jews from the holy land starting around 500 BC.
Events around the founding of Israel
In 1948, after the British Mandate for Palestine expired, the modern state of Israel was established.
Ratio of muslims to non-muslims in Israel
1:5!
Shah
Name given to top officials (kings, emperors, etc) in Iran.
Ayatollah Khomeini
An Iranian politician. He was the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution that saw the overthrow of the last Shah of Iran (who was pro-American).
When did Islamism take over nationalism?
1979 when Khomeini lead the revolt against the current Shah to establish an Islamic Theocracy. This was partially triggered by America pressuring the Egyptian president to sign a peace treaty with Israel which took the wind out of the idea that Islamic nationalism could work.
Iran hostage crisis
Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981, in the capital of Iran, Tehran, by a group of Jihad terrorists following the fall of the Shan. This helped show the power of terrorism.
Great satan and little satan
Islamism’s (primarily Islamic Republic of Iran) way of referring to USA and Israel.
What is islamism?
Islamism is the political struggle of Islam against modernity, which means against the subordinacy of Islamic civilization to the West
Iranian revolution
The 1979 event.
