History of Nightingale Era

Question 1

He identified different views of the relationship between
theories & observation.

Answer 1

Brown in Tomey (2002)

Question 2

states that although presupposed
theoretical framework influences perception, theories are not
the single determining factors of the scientist’s perception

Answer 2

Brown in Tomey (2002)

Question 3

Scientists are merely passive observers of occurrences in the
empirical world. Observable data are objective truth waiting
to be discovered.

Question 4

Theories structure is what the scientists perceives in the
empirical world.

Question 5

Presupposed theories & observable data interact in the
process of scientific investigation.

Question 6

Makes use of reason gained thru expert study, tested theory and
established facts to evidently prove something.

Answer 6

RATIONALISM

Question 7

used to generate rationalist view
which starts from general to specific knowledge.

Answer 7

Deductive type of reasoning

Question 8

labeled the rationalism approach as the “Beconian
approach” or the “theory-then-research” strategy which is deductive in approach (general to specific).

Answer 8

Reynolds in Tomey (2002)

Question 9

makes use of an objective & tangible data or
those that are
perceived by the senses (smell, sight, taste & feeling) to
observe and collect data.
These data are then used to formulate general knowledge
which is inductive type of reasoning or specific to general

Answer 9

Empiricism

Question 10

In nursing, the use of empiricism is highly important in the
assessment of patients all throughout the entire nursing
process.

Question 11

part in history when Positivism emerged as a dominant view of modern science. Modern logical positivists believed empirical research & logical analysis where two approaches that would produce scientific knowledge.

Answer 11

NURSING SCIENCE & THEORY IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY

Question 12

Logical empiricists offered a more lenient view of logical positivism & argued
that theoretical propositions must be tested through observation & experimentation.

Question 13

part in history when the evolution of science throughout the time was further studied & tested that led to contemporary practices in nursing. The role of nurses became more defined depending on the different fields of expertise as time progressed.

Answer 13

NURSING SCIENCE & THEORY IN THE LATE
20TH CENTURY

Question 14

(Range) Consist of broad conceptual frameworks that reflect wide & expansive
perspective for practice & ways of describing, explaining, predicting, & looking
at nursing phenomena

Answer 14

GRAND THEORIES

Question 15

(Range) are less complex & has a narrower focus, It specifies such things as the situation or health condition more precise and they focus on answering specific nursing practice
questions

Answer 15

MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES

Question 16

(Range) They deal with a small aspect in reality. Generally, they are set of theoretical statements that deal with specific & narrowly define phenomena.

Answer 16

MICRO-RANGE THEORIES

Question 17

(According to orientation) are those focused on the needs & problems of
clients which are met resolved or alleviated by nursing
interventions.

Answer 17

Client-centered Theories

Question 18

(According to orientation) focus on interaction between the nurse & client.

Answer 18

Nurse-client dynamics

Question 19

(According to orientation) focus on the interaction between nurse & client in an
environment that included broader dimensions of time &
space, as well as culture, cultural diversity, & universality.

Answer 19

Nurse-client-environment dynamics

Question 20

(Components of Nursing theory) (Clarity) “There must be shared agreement of the definitions of concepts and relationships between concepts within a theory” – Reynolds

Answer 20

Intersubjectivity

Question 21

(Components of Nursing theory) (Clarity) “Concepts and relationships between concepts must be clearly identified and valid.” – Hardy

Answer 21

Meaning and Logical adequacy

Question 22

(Components of Nursing theory) (Clarity) to evaluate the theory and address “the
danger of lost meaning when terms are borrowed from other disciplines
and used in a different context” - Ellis

Answer 22

Criterion of terminology

Question 23

(Components of Nursing theory) (Clarity) is the logical structure of the concepts and
statements as proposed in the theory – Walker and Avant

Answer 23

Logical adequacy

Question 24

(Components of Nursing theory) (Simplicity) “elegant in its simplicity, even though it may be broad in
content.” – Walker & Avant

Answer 24

Parasimony

Question 25

(Components of Nursing theory) should be oundless and less limited

Answer 25

Generality

Question 26

(Components of Nursing theory) is defined as the degree in which the defined concepts are observable in actual setting.

Answer 26

Empirical precision