History of Microbiology

Question 1

What is microbiology?

Answer 1

The study of microorganisms that mostly cannot be seen by the naked eye

Question 2

What do microorganisms need to do in order to be considered alive?

Answer 2

They must be able to generate energy and grow without the help of other cells

Question 3

Two ways how microorganisms can exist ( quantity)

Answer 3

Unicellular

Biofilm - communities of microorganisms , where they can talk to each other to initiate group behavior

Question 4

What event initiated the creation of the science of microbiology ?

Answer 4

Microscopes

Question 5

When was the first microscope invented?

Answer 5

in the beginning of the 17c

Question 6

Who and when described the cell for the first time

Answer 6

In 1655 by Robert Hooke

Question 7

Who published the first accurate microscopic drawings of a variety of molds

Answer 7

Robert Hooke

Question 8

Who is considered the Father of Microbiology

Answer 8

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Question 9

When Antoni can Leeuwenhoek published the first drawings of the “small animals”

Answer 9

In 1684

Question 10

What caused Ireland famine in 1840s

Answer 10

A fungai disease of potatoes

Question 11

How many people were killed because of the black death in Europe during 14 century

Answer 11

30-60%

Question 12

What is miasma theory

Answer 12

The disease is caused by the bad air

Question 13

What does contagion mean

Answer 13

Transmission between people

Question 14

When was the theory that some vital forces can create living organisms from inanimate objects

Answer 14

19 century

Question 15

What did Francessco Redi do in mid 1600s

Answer 15

He demonstrated that maggots did not develop from meat protected by a fine cover( contact from outside is required)

Question 16

What did Lazzaro Spallanzani demonstrate in late 1700s

Answer 16

Nothing grew in liquids that were boiled and stored in closed containers.

Question 17

When was Louis Pasteur’s classical experiment performed and its principle

Answer 17

In 1861
Proved that there is no such a thing like spontaneous generation
1) Liquid was poured into the flask with the neck
2) Liquid was sterilized by extensive heating, 3)germs from outside could not get into the liquid because of the neck’s form-> the liquid remains sterile
4) If the flask was put in such position, so the organisms trapped in the neck had contact with the liquid-> contamination

Question 18

What is the germ theory

Answer 18

Recognition that some diseases are caused by microorganisms, and preventing the exposure prevents the disease

Question 19

Puerperal sepsis is caused by

Answer 19

Genital tract sepsis caused by contaminated equipment or unhygienic medical staff

Question 20

What did Ignaz Semelweis notice in 1847

Answer 20

That women at childbirth were more susceptible to infectious diseases when medical students were present ( did not wash their hands after attending the morgue)

Question 21

Did Ignaz Semelweis solved the problem?

Answer 21

Yes, medical students started to wash their hands in chlorine solution , but he did not know why

Question 22

What did Joseph Lister do in 1867

Answer 22

He soaked the medical devices in diluted phenol that resulted in reduced infectious diseases after surgery
BUT he did not know why

Question 23

What was Robert Cock contribution?

Answer 23

In 1884 he proved that anthrax in caused by the bacterium
As well as Tuberculosis
Proved once and for all that the disease is caused by the microorganism

Question 24

What impact did Pasteur’s experiment had?

Answer 24

Led to development of effective sterilization procedures and pasteurization

Question 25

Who developed vaccines for multiple diseases like anthrax. fowl cholera and rabies?

Answer 25

Pasteur

Question 26

Koch’s postulates and their proof

Answer 26

1) the suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animal. WAS PROVED by microscopy and staining , observed blood/tissue under the microscope

2)The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
PROVED BY streak agar plate with sample from either diseased or healthy animal

3) Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal . PROVED BY injecting healthy animal with cells of suspected pathogen
4) The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original. PROVED BY remove blood or tissue sample and observe by microscopy and cultured in agar plate

Question 27

What are two subclasses in prokaryotes

Answer 27

Bacteria

Archea

Question 28

Five subclasses in eukaryotes domain

Answer 28

Protozoa
Alga
Fungi
Plant cells
Animal cells

Question 29

What other organisms are not included in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Answer 29

Viruses
Viroids
Prion

Question 30

What is LUCA?

Answer 30

Last Universal Common Ancestor

Question 31

When did the first bacteria originate and there was only one type of bacteria ?

Answer 31

4 billion years ago

Question 32

Where can we find microbial cells ?

Answer 32

Everywhere

Question 33

What is the role of bacterial species in agriculture?( plants)

Answer 33

Some bacterial species can form nodules on the roots of soybean plants.
Nitrogen is important for life, but it must be bioavailable for the plants.
Bacteria convert Nitrogen (n2) from the air to ammonia (NH3) , so plants can use it

Question 34

What is the role of bacteria in agriculture ( animals)

Answer 34

Cellulose is digested by cellulase, which cows do not have
But bacteria do
Cows have a large populations of microorganisms in the rumens if ruminant animals that digest and ferment cellulose

Question 35

What others use do microorganisms have apart from nods and digesting cellulose

Answer 35

Fermentation which is used in wine, cheese making, etc.

Question 36

Uses of microorganisms in chemical and pharmaceutical industries

Answer 36

• Production of citric acid and other acids, alcohols, vitamins, antibiotics, insulin,etc.
• Biofuels ( methane/ethanol)
• Important role in recycling nutrients by degradation
• Food for higher order of organisms ( phytoplankton)
• Some organisms can detoxify compounds -> can be used in cleaning the oil spill