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Introductory Microbiology > Animals > Flashcards

Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are commensals?

A

Microorganisms routinely found on the bodies of most health individuals. Commensals normally colonize the body without causing an infection

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2
Q

What is the population of bacteria on the skin, in the mouth, in gastrointestinal tract, colon

A

Skin: 10^12
Mouth: 10^10
Gastointestinal tract: up to 10^13
Colon: 90% of gastrointestinal tract bacteria, anaerobic environment

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3
Q

What tissues and organs are sterile

A

Urinary tract
Lungs
Internal tissues
Kind of stomach

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4
Q

Skin is more populated by Gram___

A

Positive bacteria

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5
Q

What are the sites in the body that are heavily populated with bacteria

A

Oral cavity
Vagina
Gastrointestinal tract (colon)
Upper respiratory tract

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6
Q

Why the bodies of animals is a good place for bacteria

A

Provide a warm, wet and potentially highly nutritious environment

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7
Q

Factors that influence the richness and the abundance of the microorganisms on an individual

A

Temperature
pH
Nutrient supply
The immune system (genetic factor)

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8
Q

How commensals can be beneficial, but not only not harming

A
  • Provide host with vitamins and metabolic pathways (gut)
  • Provide protection against new incoming microbial populations (occupy the territory)
  • teach the immune system
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9
Q

Commensals can be beneficial, but can be ___

A

Parasitic: they can become pathogenic under specific conditions (and commensals of one species may cause infectious disease in another)

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10
Q

What are pathogens

A

Microbial parasites that are able to cause infection

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11
Q

What is infection

A

Situation in which a microorganism is established and growing in a host, causing damage

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12
Q

What is a disease

A

Damage or injury to the host that impairs host function (infectious disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, etc.)

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13
Q

What is pathogenicity

A

The ability of a parasite to inflict damage to the host

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14
Q

What is virulence

A

Measure of pathogenicity

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15
Q

The organisms might have the same ___(action), but different ___ (the rate of action)

A

Pathogenicity

Virulence

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16
Q

What is opportunistic pathogen

A

Causes disease only in the absence of normal host resistance. The normal microbiome contains opportunistic pathogens

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17
Q

What are herbivores,carnivores and omnivores

A

Herbivores- animals that consume mostly plants

Carnivores- animals that consume mostly meat

Omnivores- animals that consume both

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18
Q

Phylogenetic studies suggest that __ has evolved independently in many different lineages

A

Herbivory

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19
Q

What is the monomer of cellulose

A

Glucose

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20
Q

Two glucose monomers are called

A

Cellobiose

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21
Q

What is the linkage in cellulose

A

1-4 beta linkage

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22
Q

Describe the parts of microfibril structure

A

crystalline cellulose
Paracrystalline cellulose
Hemicellulose

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23
Q

Herbivores live on plant material rich in

A

Cellulose and other insoluble polysaccharides (lignin, hemicellulose, pectin)

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24
Q

Animals lack the cellulase enzyme. So how herbivores digest the cellulose?

A

Microorganisms present in the GI tract of herbivores are able to degrade cellulose and provide the host with nutrients (mutualism, symbiotic relationship)

25
Q

What are digestive strategies have evolved in herbivorous animals

A
  • Foregut fermentation: fermentation chamber precedes the acidic stomach
  • Hindgut fermentation: uses cecum and/or large intestine as fermentation chambers
26
Q

Examples of foregut fermentation

A

Ruminants (goats, deer)

Hoatzin(skink bird)

27
Q

Examples of hindgut animals

A

Cecal animals: horses, rabits
Primates
Some Rodents (грызуны)
Some reptiles

28
Q

How food is chewed in ruminant animals

A

Food is chewed minimally, swallowed, and passes into the rumen (foregut fermentation)

29
Q

What is the volume of the rumen in cow and sheep, temperature in it, pH and how much oxygen

A 
Cow-100-150 L
Sheep-6 L
-39-40C
-pH:5-7
-Anaerobic environment
30
Q

How the pH in the rumen is maintained

A

By saliva which contains sodium bicarbonate and sodium phosphate

Bacteria produce acids during fermentation

31
Q

The whole can be made in cow’s stomach for scientific purposes. How it is called

A

Fistula

32
Q

What chamber hindgut fermenters have

A

Cecum

33
Q

What proportion of the rumen’s microorganisms produce cellulase

A

A small portion

34
Q

Fermentation in the rumen is mediated by and what is done

A

Mediated by cellulotic microbes that hydrolyze cellulose to free glucose and cellobiose, that are then available to all microorganisms for growth.

The sugars are then fermented producing volatile FAs (acetic,propionic,butyric),Ch4 and CO2

35
Q

What is the main energy source for the cow

A

Volatile FAs that pass through the rumen wall into the bloodstream and are utilized by the animal as its mail energy source

36
Q

How CH4 and CO2 is removed from the GI of the cow

A

eructation (burping)

37
Q

What microorganisms live in the rumen?

A

Ciliated protozoa, bacteria, archea

38
Q

How many species live in the rumen

A

300-400 species

39
Q

What are specific microorganisms living in cow’s rumen

A

Firmicutes (Gram-positive)-40%
Bacteroidetes (Gram-negative)
Euryarchaeota (archea->methanogens)

40
Q

What organism we should remember from firmicutes

A

Ruminococcaceae

41
Q

What proportion is going to depend on cow’s feed

A

How many bacteris degrade starch and how many bacteria degrade cellulose

42
Q

fermentation products of microorganisms in the cow’s rumen include

A

Lactate

Succinate

43
Q

Lactate and succinate that are waste products from one type of bacteria are used __

A

By lactate decomposers and succinate decomposers

44
Q

Methanogens are (anaerobes, aerobes)

A

Strict anaerobes

45
Q

How methanogens are creating methane

A

H2+CO2->CH4+2H2O+energy

Ch3COOh(acetate)->CH4+CO2+energy

46
Q

Why Monesin compound is added to cow’s feed

A

Acetate used by methanogens is not available to the host. Up to 10% of the energy value of the feed can be lost as CH4. Monesin is inhibits methanogenesis , so it is added to reduce production of CH4

47
Q

Explain how the digestion in rumen animals happen

A

Chewed-> swallowed to rumen

After several hours of microbial digestion, small portions of the rumen contents are regurgitated, well chewed and then swallowed again. Smaller food particles are collected by the reticulum and moved to the omasum, where excess water is collected

The material then goes into the stomach (abomasum) and from there, to the intestines.

48
Q

What is the extra value of microorganisms in the digestion in cows (microelements)

A

The mass of microbial cells are subjected to digestion and serves as a major source of amino acids and vitamins

49
Q

Where does fermentation take place in non-ruminant herbivores

A

In the cecum ( after the stomach)

50
Q

What happens in cecum

A

It provides organic acids absorbed by the animal

51
Q

What is happening to the polysaccharide in non-ruminant herbivores

A

The microbial mass that grows on cellulose and other polysaccharides are not digested, and they are excreted

52
Q

What is the outcome that non-ruminant animals excrete microorganisms undigested

A

They have a higher dietary requirements for AAs and vitamins that ruminants do

53
Q

How do rabits and hares get around the requirement for AAs and vitamins

A

The consume faecal pellets they produce (corphology)

54
Q

What is the example of marine mutualistic symbiosis

A

Aliivibrio fischeri and the Hawaiian bobtail squid

55
Q

What is happening between Aliivibrio fischeri and the Hawaiian bobtail squid

A

The squid harbors large population of the bioluminescent A.fischeri in a specialized structure (light organ).

Bacteria emit light that resembles moonlight, which camouflages the squids form predators

56
Q

How the transmission of A.fischeri happens

A

Horizontally ,from the environment

57
Q

What do termites do

A

They decompose cellulose and hemicellulose

58
Q

What termites have in their GI

A

Diverse community of anaerobes including cellulytic anaerobes: anaerobic bacteria and cellulolytic protists

59
Q

What special organisms are in the microbiome of termites ( and how it resembles the cow’s stomach)

A

Firmicutes (Ruminococcaceae) and bacteriodites ( as in cows)

But also spirochaetes ( there were very few in cows)

Introductory Microbiology (21 decks)

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