History of Medicine + Learning

Question 1

Where in the US was the first ambulance used?

Answer 1

Bellevue Hospital in NY

Question 2

How recently did neanderthals begin to use fire and become centrally located?

Answer 2

50,00 BC

Question 3

What is rosacea protective against?

Answer 3

Leprosy

Question 4

People with more neanderthal blood are more prone to developing ______.

Answer 4

Diabetes

Question 5

What group first showed signs of proper medicine? When did they live?

Answer 5

Egyptians. 3500 BC to 300 BC

Question 6

Who is Rasputin?

Answer 6

Would soothe the hemophiliac czarina and improve health

Question 7

What language did physicians speak up until the 1970s?

Answer 7

Latin

Question 8

What are the four humors of hippocratic medicine?

Answer 8

Sanguine/blood (Air)
Phlegm (Water)
Melancholic/black bile (Earth)
Choleric/yellow bile (Fire)

Question 9

When was medicine heavily associated with religion, prayers, herbs, and wine?

Answer 9

10,000 BC to 1500 AD

Question 10

When and where did the first medical school open?

Answer 10

Salerno, Italy in 1025

Question 11

What is the 1910 Flexner Report and what was the outcome?

Answer 11

A report finding that many medical schools were for-profit and deplorable. 30% of all schools closed and subsequently quality/standardization of medical education improved.

Question 12

What is the Tuskegee Syphilis Research?

Answer 12

1932-1972: illiterate black men with syphilis were denied treatment of syphilis solely for research purposes…greatly changed the way human research was conducted.

Question 13

When did modern medicine begin?

Answer 13

After WWII and with the advent of antibiotics

Question 14

What are the types of simple learning?

Answer 14

1. Habituation

2. Sensitization

Question 15

What are the types of complex learning?

Answer 15

1. Classical conditioning (learning by association)
2. Operant conditioning (trial and error/rewards and punishment)
3. Modeling or social learning

Question 16

What is habituation?

Answer 16

Learning from repeated stimulation.

Behavior DECREASES with repeated exposure

Question 17

What is sensitization?

Answer 17

Behavior INCREASES with repeated exposure. e.g. pager/cell-phone ringing

Question 18

What is an unconditioned response and what are some examples?

Answer 18

Automatic, natural, reflexive:

Food, loud noises, pain

Response: salivate, startles, approach, withdraw

Question 19

What is a conditioned response and what are some examples?

Answer 19

Learned. Examples can be anything!

Question 20

What is a clinical example of classical conditioning?

Answer 20

PTSD

Question 21

Are single pairings sufficient to created a conditioned response?

Answer 21

Generally no, but when something is SO traumatic or intense only a single pairing is necessary for learning - “single trial learning” (e.g. war trauma)

Question 22

What is response acquisition?

Answer 22

Conditioned response is learned

Question 23

What is extinction?

Answer 23

Disappearance of conditioned response

Question 24

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 24

Reappearance of conditioned response after extinction

Question 25

What is stimulus generalization?

Answer 25

Different but similar stimulus causes response

Question 26

What is learned helplessness? What is it linked to?

Answer 26

Forced to endure aversive, painful, or unpleasant stimuli -> learns to stop trying to avoid encounters with those stimuli even if they are escapable Become apathetic/hopless, linked to depression

Question 27

What is learned helplessness an example of?

Answer 27

Classical conditioning

Question 28

What is imprinting an example of?

Answer 28

Classical conditioning

Question 29

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 29

Trial and error learning Learning occurs as a result of the consequences (actions/feelings/thoughts) of previous behavior

Question 30

What type of conditioning are positive and negative reinforcement?

Answer 30

Operant

Question 31

Describe positive reinforcement?

Answer 31

Adding something (a reward)

Question 32

Describe negative reinforcement?

Answer 32

Removing something (relief)

Question 33

Reinforcement ______ frequency of _______ behavior

Answer 33

Reinforcement INCREASES frequency of DESIRED behavior

Question 34

Punishment ______ frequency of _______ behavior

Answer 34

Punishment DECREASES frequency of NEGATIVE behavior

Question 35

What is continuous reinforcement?

Answer 35

Reinforced every time a response is emitted

Question 36

What is a negative aspect of continuous reinforcement?

Answer 36

Susceptible to sensitization and extinction

Question 37

What is ratio reinforcement?

Answer 37

Reinforcement frequency is based on the NUMBER of responses (e.g. every 10 times Max asks for money, he gets it)

Question 38

What is interval reinforcement?

Answer 38

Reinforcement is based on TIME since last reinforced behavior (e.g. for every 60 minutes of exercise, Max earns a massage)

Question 39

What is fixed ratio reinforcement?

Answer 39

Reinforced after a specific number of responses (e.g. paid $10 for every 4 patients you see)

Question 40

What is fixed interval reinforcement?

Answer 40

Reinforced after a specific amount of time (e.g. given a paycheck every 2 weeks)

Question 41

What is variable ratio reinforcement?

Answer 41

Reinforced after a varying number of responses (e.g. slot machine)

Question 42

What is variable interval reinforcement?

Answer 42

Reinforced after varying periods of time

Question 43

What type of reinforcement is associated with fastest learning?

Answer 43

Continuous reinforcement

Question 44

What type of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?

Answer 44

Variable reinforcement

Question 45

What type of reinforcement is most effective at reducing an undesirable behavior long term?

Answer 45

Extinction (vs punishment)

Question 46

What is a classic example of observational learning?

Answer 46

Bandura kids beating up bobo doll after witnessing someone else do it

Question 47

What is modeling/social learning?

Answer 47

Observational learning/imitation based learning e.g. see one, do one, teach one