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HBM > History of Medicine + Learning > Flashcards

History of Medicine + Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the US was the first ambulance used?

A

Bellevue Hospital in NY

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2
Q

How recently did neanderthals begin to use fire and become centrally located?

A

50,00 BC

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3
Q

What is rosacea protective against?

A

Leprosy

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4
Q

People with more neanderthal blood are more prone to developing ______.

A

Diabetes

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5
Q

What group first showed signs of proper medicine? When did they live?

A

Egyptians. 3500 BC to 300 BC

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6
Q

Who is Rasputin?

A

Would soothe the hemophiliac czarina and improve health

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7
Q

What language did physicians speak up until the 1970s?

A

Latin

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8
Q

What are the four humors of hippocratic medicine?

A

Sanguine/blood (Air)
Phlegm (Water)
Melancholic/black bile (Earth)
Choleric/yellow bile (Fire)

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9
Q

When was medicine heavily associated with religion, prayers, herbs, and wine?

A

10,000 BC to 1500 AD

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10
Q

When and where did the first medical school open?

A

Salerno, Italy in 1025

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11
Q

What is the 1910 Flexner Report and what was the outcome?

A

A report finding that many medical schools were for-profit and deplorable. 30% of all schools closed and subsequently quality/standardization of medical education improved.

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12
Q

What is the Tuskegee Syphilis Research?

A

1932-1972: illiterate black men with syphilis were denied treatment of syphilis solely for research purposes…greatly changed the way human research was conducted.

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13
Q

When did modern medicine begin?

A

After WWII and with the advent of antibiotics

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14
Q

What are the types of simple learning?

A
  1. Habituation

2. Sensitization

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15
Q

What are the types of complex learning?

A
  1. Classical conditioning (learning by association)
  2. Operant conditioning (trial and error/rewards and punishment)
  3. Modeling or social learning
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16
Q

What is habituation?

A

Learning from repeated stimulation.

Behavior DECREASES with repeated exposure

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17
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Behavior INCREASES with repeated exposure. e.g. pager/cell-phone ringing

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18
Q

What is an unconditioned response and what are some examples?

A

Automatic, natural, reflexive:

Food, loud noises, pain

Response: salivate, startles, approach, withdraw

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19
Q

What is a conditioned response and what are some examples?

A

Learned. Examples can be anything!

20
Q

What is a clinical example of classical conditioning?

A

PTSD

21
Q

Are single pairings sufficient to created a conditioned response?

A

Generally no, but when something is SO traumatic or intense only a single pairing is necessary for learning - “single trial learning” (e.g. war trauma)

22
Q

What is response acquisition?

A

Conditioned response is learned

23
Q

What is extinction?

A

Disappearance of conditioned response

24
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Reappearance of conditioned response after extinction

25
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

Different but similar stimulus causes response

26
Q

What is learned helplessness? What is it linked to?

A

Forced to endure aversive, painful, or unpleasant stimuli -> learns to stop trying to avoid encounters with those stimuli even if they are escapable

Become apathetic/hopless, linked to depression

27
Q

What is learned helplessness an example of?

A

Classical conditioning

28
Q

What is imprinting an example of?

A

Classical conditioning

29
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Trial and error learning

Learning occurs as a result of the consequences (actions/feelings/thoughts) of previous behavior

30
Q

What type of conditioning are positive and negative reinforcement?

A

Operant

31
Q

Describe positive reinforcement?

A

Adding something (a reward)

32
Q

Describe negative reinforcement?

A

Removing something (relief)

33
Q

Reinforcement ______ frequency of _______ behavior

A

Reinforcement INCREASES frequency of DESIRED behavior

34
Q

Punishment ______ frequency of _______ behavior

A

Punishment DECREASES frequency of NEGATIVE behavior

35
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

Reinforced every time a response is emitted

36
Q

What is a negative aspect of continuous reinforcement?

A

Susceptible to sensitization and extinction

37
Q

What is ratio reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement frequency is based on the NUMBER of responses (e.g. every 10 times Max asks for money, he gets it)

38
Q

What is interval reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement is based on TIME since last reinforced behavior (e.g. for every 60 minutes of exercise, Max earns a massage)

39
Q

What is fixed ratio reinforcement?

A

Reinforced after a specific number of responses (e.g. paid $10 for every 4 patients you see)

40
Q

What is fixed interval reinforcement?

A

Reinforced after a specific amount of time (e.g. given a paycheck every 2 weeks)

41
Q

What is variable ratio reinforcement?

A

Reinforced after a varying number of responses (e.g. slot machine)

42
Q

What is variable interval reinforcement?

A

Reinforced after varying periods of time

43
Q

What type of reinforcement is associated with fastest learning?

A

Continuous reinforcement

44
Q

What type of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?

A

Variable reinforcement

45
Q

What type of reinforcement is most effective at reducing an undesirable behavior long term?

A

Extinction (vs punishment)

46
Q

What is a classic example of observational learning?

A

Bandura kids beating up bobo doll after witnessing someone else do it

47
Q

What is modeling/social learning?

A

Observational learning/imitation based learning

e.g. see one, do one, teach one

HBM (5 decks)

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