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History of islam final Flashcards

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1
Q

A struggle, that is, in the path of God, including a particular form of that struggle, called holy war

A

Jihad

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2
Q

A chapter of the quran

A

Sura

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3
Q

The flight of muhammad and his companions from mecca to yathrib/medina; the event which marks the founding of the first muslim community and the start of the muslim calendar

A

Hijra

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4
Q

The pre-islamic shrine at mecca, which muslim tradition associates with abraham

A

Ka’ba

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5
Q

one of the “people of the covenant of protection,” i.e., non-muslims living under the protection of muslim regimes

A

dhimmi

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6
Q

a call or summoning, used to refer to the missionary activity of various religio-political movements. The word used for evangelistic outreach in Islam

A

Da’Wa

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7
Q

The science of islamic jurisprudence

A

fiqh

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8
Q

literally “exertion” used by juristd to refer to the process of determining valid jufgments from the various sources of the law

A

ijtihad

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9
Q

The normative practice of the prophet in his companions, as known through the hadith.

A

Sunna

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10
Q

A head tax or poll, tax, to which non-Muslims living under Muslim rule, are normally subject.

A

Jizya

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11
Q

The word “Islam” essentially means

A

Surrender to the will of allah

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12
Q

Mohamed came to the conclusion that Allah was the one true God. The word Allah probably comes from.

A

Al illah

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13
Q

The official beginning of Islam was in ________ when muhammad Escaped the city of medina

A

622 AD

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14
Q

Which one of the following is not one of the five pillars of Islam?

A

Jihad, striving against the infidel

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15
Q

What are three other NON-Muslim texts that are considered by muslims to be inspired revelations from God

A

The Tauret; The Zabur; The Injil

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16
Q

The term used to describe Mohamed’s escape from an assassination plot, to the city of Medina is the _________

A

hijrah

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17
Q

Today, Muslims make up approximately what part of the world’s population

A

Between 1- 1.6Billion

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18
Q

True/False- in Islam, Jesus is considered to be a sinless prophet who was born of a virgin and performed many miracles

A

True

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19
Q

True/False: In Islam, parts of the Bible are accepted, and Jews and Christians are considered to be “people of the book”.

A

True

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20
Q

True or false: according to the revisionists or neo revisionists: in the early 700s, there was an amalgamation of Jewish and Christian influences

A

True

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21
Q

True/False: according to the revisionists or neo revisionists, Mohammed was perhaps a popular Magghazi leader, who is also a religious leader, and therefore considered a prophet

A

True

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22
Q

True/False: according to the revisionists or neo revisionists, mohammed bin Abdullah received revelations from God over a 23. year perion In the first half of the seventh century.

A

False

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23
Q

True/False: according to the revisionists or neo revisionists, the earliest form of the Quran was possibly derived from Christian, liturgy and Jewish commentary, at first in Syriac and other foreign languages

A

true

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24
Q

What are Muslims doing? When they recite “there is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet”?

A

They are reciting the Shahada

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25
Q

according to the revisionists or neo revisionists, what two things can we ascertain about the samarqand and the topkapi manuscripts, two of the earliest Qur’anic manuscripts that we have?

A
  • They are probably from the late 8th century, or over 150 years adfter Muhammad’s death
  • They are written in kufic script
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26
Q

Which, Muslim leader, towards the end of the seventh century, may have been the most responsible for realizing the need to have a distinct religion, profit, and scripture in order to compete with the surrounding empires?

A

Abd al-Malik

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27
Q

True/False: It is true that John of Damascus called Mohamed a “false prophet” and said that Mohammed learned his false fuse regarding Christ from an Aryan priest.

A

True

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28
Q

True/False: It is true that John of Damascus called the Saracens “mutilators” because they tore apart the Trinity by believing that God spirit, and his word were created afterward

A

True

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29
Q

True/False: It is true that John of Damascus agreed with the Saracens, that the word of God, represented by the Caraun, was uncreated

A

False

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30
Q

True/False: It is true that John of Damascus stated that a law of the Muslims and Yahweh of the Jews and Christians was the same God

A

False

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31
Q

True/False: It is true that John of Damascus referred to the Ishmaelite beliefs as a heresy of Christianity, because they denied the deity of Christ and the doctrine of the Trinity

A

True

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32
Q

What name did John of Damascus not use in reference to the followers of Mohammed?

A

Muslims

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33
Q

YES or NO: this is a statement is a “matching fingerprint” between Muslims and mormons: Both “prophets began as polygamists but became monogamists.

A

NO

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34
Q

YES or NO: this is a statement is a “matching fingerprint” between Muslims and mormons: Both put women on a lower level than men

A

YES

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35
Q

YES or NO: this is a statement is a “matching fingerprint” between Muslims and mormons: both rejected the Bible and said it was changed by men, corrupted, and unreliable

A

YES

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36
Q

YES or NO: this is a statement is a “matching fingerprint” between Muslims and mormons: both religions teach a works salvation

A

Yes

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37
Q

YES or NO: this is a statement is a “matching fingerprint” between Muslims and mormons: the founders of both religions claimed to be visited by Angels

A

yes

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38
Q

YES or NO: this is a statement is a “matching fingerprint” between Muslims and mormons: both claim that Jesus is the unique Son of God

A

NO

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39
Q

According to most linguistic scholars today, Arabic was probably developed from

A

Nabataean aramaic

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40
Q

From the fourth through the sixth centuries in number of Middle Eastern, languages began to be written for the first time. Arabic, as a written language was also probably developed late in this time. Archaeologically, what are the two most likely reasons for the formation of written Arabic at this time?

A
  • written in Arabic was developed to aid in the governmental structures of the Byzantine rulers
  • arabic was developed by Christian missionaries in order to help spread the gospel to the Arabs in their own language
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41
Q

True/ False: According to the Revisionists and the neo-Revisionists, the Qur’an…. Was originally an oral revelation given to the prophet Muhammad over a 23 year period And then was Crystalised in the written Quran in the time of Uthman, 20 years after Mohammed’s death.

A

False

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42
Q

True/ False: According to the Revisionists and the neo-Revisionists, the Qur’an…. Is used to explain the sira literature, and the hadith, and the Sira literature in the hadith are used in order to make sense of the Quran

A

True

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43
Q

True/ False: According to the Revisionists and the neo-Revisionists, the Qur’an…. Is probably a late compilation of a number of assorted literary and scriptural sources, and therefore, the canonization could not have taken place before the end of the second century AH or early in the third.

A

True

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44
Q

True/ False: According to the Revisionists and the neo-Revisionists, the Qur’an…. Seems to have grown out of sectarian controversies in the late eighth to early ninth centuries, almost 200 years after the fact, and then projected back onto an invented Arabian point of origin

A

True

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45
Q

YES/ NO: according to Neo-Revisionists; This account is accepted as a possible source for the Qur’an… IBN Ishaq’s Biography of Muhammad

A

YES

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46
Q

YES/ NO: according to Neo-Revisionists; This account is accepted as a possible source for the Qur’an.. Al-Bukhari’s collection of the Hadith literature

A

Yes

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47
Q

YES/ NO: according to Neo-Revisionists; This account is accepted as a possible source for the Qur’an… Reuven firestone’s explanation that the visitation stories of Abraham, visiting Ishmael and his wife is not only an evolution of the biblical story, but also an arabization of the Jewish exegesis of Genesis 21:21.

A

NO

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48
Q

YES/ NO: according to Neo-Revisionists; This account is accepted as a possible source for the Qur’an… Kevin Van Bladel’s claim that the alexander legend that was written around AD 628-629, just before the death of Muhammad was borrowed and inserted into the Qur’an

A

NO

49
Q

YES/ NO: according to Neo-Revisionists; This account is accepted as a possible source for the Qur’an.. Sydney Griffiths thesis that the well-known pre-Islamic Syriac story of the “companions of the cave “made its way into the Quran.

A

NO

50
Q

Many Muslims. Believe the “original manuscript” which Mohammed himself gathered, and constructed is still in existence. One difficulty with this belief is that:

A

Even according to Muslims, most of the Caraun was not written down when Muhammad died

51
Q

The earliest firm archaeological attestation to Mohammed is

A

Big coin, minted by Abd al-Malik around 691, A.D.

52
Q

True or false: Muhammad is mentioned in the Quran four times

A

true

53
Q

What are two dominant themes that were present for Mohammed in his first 12 years in Mecca

A

– The judgment of God, on those who disobeyed

  • God’s goodness and power
54
Q

Mohamed had 600 to 800 of the Jews from the Banu Qurayza tribe massacred because they would not support him in which battle?

A

The battle of Khandaq (Battle of the Trench)

55
Q

Which of the “four rightly guided caliphs” was faced with a rapid renunciation of the Islamic faith, by many Arab groups, in a revolt, known as the Ridda

A

Abu Bakr (632-634)

56
Q

What Arabic word is translated as “holy war”?

A

Jihad

57
Q

TRUE/ False: Under the Umayyad caliph, Abd al-Malik the following policy was put into place…. Coins were stamped with Arabic words and symbols, replacing the Christian and Zoroastrian symbols.

A

True

58
Q

TRUE/ False: Under the Umayyad caliph, Abd al-Malik the following policy was put into place…. He moved the capital of the dynasty to Damascus in Syria

A

False

59
Q

TRUE/ False: Under the Umayyad caliph, Abd al-Malik the following policy was put into place…. He put down the Ridda wars and finalized the conquest of Arabia

A

FALSE

60
Q

TRUE/ False: Under the Umayyad caliph, Abd al-Malik the following policy was put into place…. He divided the empire into manageable provinces, and appointed a governor to each one

A

False

61
Q

TRUE/ False: Under the Umayyad caliph, Abd al-Malik the following policy was put into place…. He established Arabic as the language of administration

A

TRUE

62
Q

True or false: the following is believed to be one of the main reasons for the collapse of the umayyad dynasty…. Camel prices dropped drastically, and the leaders could not afford their lavish lifestyles anymore.

A

FALSE

63
Q

True or false: the following is believed to be one of the main reasons for the collapse of the umayyad dynasty…. There were a number of palace coupons that displaced the leader ship

A

False

64
Q

True or false: the following is believed to be one of the main reasons for the collapse of the umayyad dynasty…. The ruling class had acquired great wealth from its territorial games, but the lifestyle of the leaders clashed with the poverty of the empires subjects

A

True

65
Q

True or false: the following is believed to be one of the main reasons for the collapse of the umayyad dynasty…. The empire increased in size more quickly than the political leaders could establish control over the people

A

True

66
Q

There is a small map with the question: which title best represents the map below

A

The expansion of the Umayyads

67
Q

What was the duration of the Umayyad empire?

A

661-750AD

68
Q

The Abbasids moved the political center of their empire to

A

Baghdad

69
Q

What was the primary cultural contribution of the Muslims during the Abbasid period

A

The Muslims were able to recover and preserve the works of the ancient philosophers, as well as transmit from one civilization to another

70
Q

By the ninth century, what happened to the Abbasid control of the empire?

A

The Abbasids continued to develop absolutism in such a fashion that they controlled a large portion of Eurasia

71
Q

How did the caliph al-Mahdi resolve the problem of succession in the Abbasid dynasty?

A

He failed to resolve the problem of dynastic succession with disastrous results

72
Q

What was the innovation of the Abbasid court with respect to women?

A

The establishment of the harem

73
Q

Which Abbasid caliph’s were especially renowned for their encouragement of intellectual pursuits, and for the splendor of their courts? During their rains scholars were invited to the court to debate various topics, and translations were made from Greek, Persian and Syriac works. (list two)

A

Harun al-Rashid
Abdullah al-Mamun

74
Q

What was the regional splinter dynasty that captured Baghdad in 945?

A

Buyids

75
Q

In what year were the christians finally able to defeat the Muslims in Spain permanently

A

1492

76
Q

True/false: the Abbasid caliphate was founded by the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad’s adopted son, Abbas, Ibn, Abd al-Muttalib

A

False

77
Q

What are two reasons for the Abbasid revolution?

A

Violence between tribal alliances, consumed the Umayyad empire..

  • A series of Kharijite rebellions in Iraq paved the way for the advance of the Abbasids from Iran
78
Q

At first, when Muslim intellectuals were exposed to Greek theology, Persian philosophers and eastern viewpoints; there was a new synthesis that took place in what was called ____________

A

Kalam Philosophy

79
Q

What were some of the major theological issues early Muslims wrestled with? (list two)

A

Issues regarding faith versus works

Free will versus predestination

80
Q

Which group emphasized that right belief was entirely a matter of “inner assent,” rather than “external performance, or practice” and consisted of knowing, loving and submitting to God. Essentially, they believed that faith alone saved a person: the Mu’tazilites– asharites– Carbonites– Kharjites– murji-ites

A

Murji’ites

81
Q

This group’s Rigid definition of orthodoxy soon equated true belief in Islam, with absolute obedience, and entrance into paradise, became dependent on actions, rather than faith essentially they equated faith with works: the Mu’tazilites– asharites– Carbonites– Kharjites– murji-ites

A

Kharijites

82
Q

This group proposed a Middleway, which would preserve a belief in an uncreated Qur’an, but would also alleviate the problems mitigated by a belief that every utterance of the Qur’an was an eternal utterance of God. Essentially, they advanced the idea that God’s speech is eternal, but only in a spiritual sense, and as one of the attributes of God: the Mu’tazilites– asharites– Carbonites– Kharjites– murji-ites

A

The Ash’arites

83
Q

They believed the gods, define justice required human free will, and responsibility, for otherwise God would be solely responsible for all acts of evil and injustice: the Mu’tazilites– asharites– Carbonites– Kharjites– murji-ites

A

the Mu’tazilites

84
Q

Who taught that the Quran is the created word of God, who is its uncreated source

A

The mu’tazilites

85
Q

This injunction is not part of actual sharia law

A

That Islam forbid the use of reason and philosophers are considered apostates

86
Q

What are the three choices given to non-Muslims when Muslims Concord them?

A
  • death by sword
  • protection and humiliation
    as a dhimmi
    -conversion to Islam
87
Q

The first Muslims to rule Egypt were not a part of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad were ________, a group of Shiites, who derived their name from the prophets daughter

A

Fatimids

88
Q

What group successfully captured Baghdad in 1055?

A

the Seljuk turks

89
Q

In Islam, the arts have distinctive features influenced by the religious views. For example, one of the most important distinguishing features of Islamic art is…

A

The absence of iconography in religious contexts

90
Q

True/false according to the Quran learning, and gaining knowledge is the activity that is MOST pleasing to Allah

A

True

91
Q

which of the following sources did muslims borrow from
a. ptolemy’s geography
b. Indian mathematics
c. Hippocrates medicine
d. Arab engineering
e. persian astronomy
f. aristotles philosophy

A

All but D. Arab engineering

92
Q

And their influence on the development of science, a number of words came into use that we still used today. Which of the following words is not from an Islamic source:
Chemistry – hospital – alcohol – algebra – diaphragm

A

Hospital

93
Q

One of the main reasons Muslims pursued astronomy was….

A

Because the Muslim calendar is a lunar calendar

94
Q

In the Islamic medieval world, the heart of the debate between philosophy and theology were arguments for

A

Faith versus Reason

95
Q

Which Muslim Philosopher…
Was best known for introducing the concept of algebra into mathematics?

Options:
Al-Khwarizmi
Ibn Khaldun…
Ibn Sina…
Al-Ghazali
Al-farabi
Ibn Rushd

A

Al-Khwarizmi

96
Q

Which Muslim Philosopher…
Was best known for writing, commentaries on the works of ancient Greeks, in which he sought to reconcile Aristotelian and Platonic thought with Islamic theology

options:
Al-Khwarizmi
Ibn Khaldun…
Ibn Sina…
Al-Ghazali
Al-farabi
Ibn Rushd

A

Al-Farabi

97
Q

Which Muslim Philosopher…
Laid out several arguments as to why philosophy was sometimes heretical to Islam
Options:
Al-Khwarizmi
Ibn Khaldun…
Ibn Sina…
Al-Ghazali
Al-farabi
Ibn Rushd

A

Al-ghazali

98
Q

Which Muslim Philosopher… Was a noted physician, who wrote the “Canaan of medicine,” which became the prominent textbook used in European medical schools until the 17th century

: Al-Khwarizmi
Ibn Khaldun…
Ibn Sina…
Al-Ghazali
Al-farabi
Ibn Rushd

A

Ibn Sina

99
Q

Which Muslim Philosopher… Was also known by the Latin name Averroes in the west, this scholar is best known for his commentaries on Aristotle’s philosophy

: Al-Khwarizmi
Ibn Khaldun…
Ibn Sina…
Al-Ghazali
Al-farabi
Ibn Rushd

A

Ibn rushd

100
Q

True/false: in his book, the politically incorrect guide to islam, Robert Spencer does not believe that the crusades were in unprovoked attack by Europe against the Islamic world, because:

emperor Alexius, the first Komnenos of Constantinople, the center of the remaining Byzantine empire, appealed for help from the west against the Seljuk Muslims, who were threatening the Byzantines, and harassing the Christians all over their new domains

A

True

101
Q

True/false: in his book, the politically incorrect guide to islam, Robert Spencer does not believe that the crusades were an unprovoked attack by Europe against the Islamic world, because:

The Seljuk Turks issued a challenge to the pope in 1095

A

False

102
Q

True/false: in his book, the politically incorrect guide to islam, Robert Spencer does not believe that the crusades were in unprovoked attack by Europe against the Islamic world, because:

Muslim leaders, repeatedly called for jihad campaigns against the Byzantines, especially when the Byzantine rulers tried to regain land that once belonged to the Christians

A

True

103
Q

True/false: in his book, the politically incorrect guide to islam, Robert Spencer does not believe that the crusades were in unprovoked attack by Europe against the Islamic world, because:

The call for the crusades was a response to 100s of years of brutal subordination and violence upon christians at the hands of the Muslims

A

True

104
Q

According to Robert Spencer, which of the following “PC myths”, are just that – false views of the events?

A. The crusades were fought
by Westerners greedy for
gain
B. The crusades had
accomplished nothing of
what they had set out to
do, and would go down in
history as one of the
west’s most spectacular
failures
C. the crusades were fought
to convert Muslims to
Christianity by force
D. the Islamic jihad’s were
bloodier than the
crusades
E the crusades were an early example of the west’s predatory imperialism

A

All of these pc myths are false views except for D. Islamic jihads were bloodier than the crusades

105
Q

True or false although the crusades failed in their primary objective of protecting Christian pilgrims in the holy land….
They bought Europe time to build up resistance to the inevitable forces of Islam that would be amassed against the west

A

true

106
Q

True or false although the crusades failed in their primary objective of protecting Christian pilgrims in the holy land… They have established lasting Christian states in the Middle East

A

False

107
Q

True or false although the crusades failed in their primary objective of protecting Christian pilgrims in the holy land…
They have brought about positive relationships between Christians and Muslims today

A

False

108
Q

True or false although the crusades failed in their primary objective of protecting Christian pilgrims in the holy land… They are the ultimate reason why Edward Gibbons is vision of “the interpretation of the Quran” being “taught in the schools of Oxford” did not come true.

A

True

109
Q

Which of the following statements was NOT a reason for the eventual downfall of the Abbasid caliphate?
a. The Caliph abandoned the frugal ways of predecessors
B. Alma Ma’Mum, conscripted, thousands of mostly Turkish speaking slaves as his personal bodyguards
C. the Caliph did not establish a clear pattern of succession
D. in once provincial areas of the Islamic caliphate, independent kingdoms had a reason to challenge the Abbasids;
E. the caliphs became puppets controlled by their wives and other women of the court.

A

E. the caliphs became puppets controlled by their wives and other women of the court.

110
Q

true/ False— during the abbasid reign in South east Asia:

Most conversions came from the higher cast or Brahman groups

A

False

111
Q

true/ False— during the abbasid reign in South east Asia:

Little effort was put towards conversion, so most people remain Hindu or Buddhist

A

True

112
Q

true/ False— during the abbasid reign in South east Asia:

Many people welcome to the Arabs, because they promised lighter taxation and religious tolerance

A

True

113
Q

true/ False— during the abbasid reign in South east Asia:

Most conversions were forced upon the people through threats of death

A

False

114
Q

true/ False— during the abbasid reign in South east Asia:

Carriers of the new faith on the subcontinent were often merchants and Sufi mystics

A

true

115
Q

True/false – – – the first Mongols, to take control of the Abbasid empire were: shamanists, who acknowledged the existence of one God, but also viewed the sun, moon, earth, and water as higher beings

A

true

This question is actually multiple choice and it gives you three options but only this one is true

116
Q

What were the effects of the Mongol invasion on the Islamic heartland [list all that apply]
a. The attempt to introduce paper money at the end of the 13th century, virtually destroyed trade in the region, from which it was difficult to recover

b. The Mongols introduced the Muslims to gunpowder, which the Mongols brought from China

c. Much of the Islamic scholarship, culture, and infrastructure was destroyed. As the invaders burned libraries, replaced mosques with Buddhist temples, and destroyed intricate irrigation systems.

d. In a short time, Mongol, shaman, ism, triumphant, over Islamic faith and Buddhism

A

All are true except for
d. In a short time, Mongol, shaman, ism, triumphant, over Islamic faith and Buddhism

117
Q

The following is a description of one of the empires that followed the collapse of the Mongol rule, after reading the description, select which empire is being referenced. This empire was founded as a political dynasty in 1501, it was the second great Islamic empire to form. It’s originated as a religious sect, and it acquired the military and political traits of an empire only after 1501. It was different from the other two empires that arose around this time, because it was an officially Shiite, empire, and religious differences led to much antagonism with its Sunni neighbors. This empire forever influenced Persian nationalism, and out of the remnants of this empire, grew the present-day country of Iran.

Safavid- Mughal- ottoman– mongol

A

safavid

118
Q

The MAIN reason that the Ottoman Empire went from complete ruin in 1402 to bringing down the Byzantine Empire with the sacking of Constantinople in 1453, was due to

A

A series of strong leaders, especially Mehmed II, who also known as “the Conqueror”

119
Q

know the map at the beginning of quiz check the screen shot

A

ok

History of islam (4 decks)

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