History of Breast Cancer and Imaging Flashcards
One of the earliest cases of breast cancer discovered by an American Egyptologist, Edwin Smith in:
1862
The social and religious taboo of the time forced Claudius Galen to experiment and dissect ______instead of humans.
Animals
The father of human anatomy, recognized for his famous work, the Seven Books on the structure of Human Body is:
Andreas Vesalius
Which of the following scientists was known for work in the discovery of radioactivity and in isolating radium from uranium
Marie curie
The terms ‘hyperplasia” and “ischemia” were coined by:
Rudolf Virchow
The breast imaging equipment that used two-step process, conditioner and processor, and printed blue and white images on paper was called:
Xeroradiography
One of the first studies to demonstrate that the benefits of mammography far outweighed the risks was conducted by
HIP -The health Insurance Plan of Greater New York
What techniques, used in the early 1970’s, proved effective in bringing radiation dose during the mammography examination to acceptable levels?
The first dedicated units in the early 1970’s used single- emulsion film and a single-emulsion calcium-tungstate screen. This system helped in bringing radiation dose to acceptable levels.
The voluntary accreditation program was recommended by the:
The American College of Radiation -(ACR)
The mandatory mammography quality assurance act passed by the US Congress in !992 is:
On October 27, 1992, theUS Congress passed the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA).
What factor or factors led to the early erroneous theories on the human anatomy?
There were taboos, both religious and social, against human dissection. Scientist were forced to experiment with animals.
Who was the most responsible for correcting the errors in human anatomy?
The Flemish physical, Andresa Vesalius
In the early 18th century, the prognosis of women with breast cancer remained poor. What was a major contributing factor?
There was no early detection tool; cancers were discovered by visual exception at later stages with surgery being the only option.
Name the pathologist who coined the terms “hyperplasia” and “ischemia”.
The German pathologist, Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902).
How did the discovery of x-rays change the treatment options for breast cancer?
Radiation therapy became a treatment option.
What conclusive finding led to the routine screening of asymptomatic women for breast cancer?
In the 1960’s, the Health Insurance Plan (HIP) discovered that routine screening of asymptomatic women would offer a 31% reduction in the mortality rate from breast cancer in women over 50.
The ACR used a three-pronged approach to monitoring breast facilities. this approach carefully assessed which three areas of breast imaging?
The imaging, processing, and interpretation
Give three disadvantages o the ACR accreditation program.
It was voluntary, there were no means of enforcement, no on-site evaluation of the facility, and it could result in a possible conflict of interest.
What is the mammography screening guideline recommended by the ACS?
Women aged 20-39: CBE/3 yrs and monthly BSE.
Women over 40: Annual screening mammogram and CBE:
Monthly BSE, MRI or ultrasound for high risk or dense breast only.
The devastation effects of breast cancer and the publics loss of confidence in the diagnostic options led to the passage of which act by the US congress?
On October 27, 1992, the US congress passed the Mammography Quality Standard Act (MSQA)
What process is now required before a facility can lawfully perform mammograms in the united states?
Certification and accreditation of all mammography units is now required.
What are the screening guidelines recommended by the US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF)?
The US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTE), a group of independent health experts are now recommending that routine screening of the average-risk women should begin at age 50, instead of age 40. They also suggest that screening should end at age 74, that women should be screened every two years instead of every year and that BSE has little value.
