History of Breast Cancer and Imaging

Question 1

One of the earliest cases of breast cancer discovered by an American Egyptologist, Edwin Smith in:

Answer 1

1862

Question 2

The social and religious taboo of the time forced Claudius Galen to experiment and dissect ______instead of humans.

Answer 2

Animals

Question 3

The father of human anatomy, recognized for his famous work, the Seven Books on the structure of Human Body is:

Answer 3

Andreas Vesalius

Question 4

Which of the following scientists was known for work in the discovery of radioactivity and in isolating radium from uranium

Answer 4

Marie curie

Question 5

The terms ‘hyperplasia” and “ischemia” were coined by:

Answer 5

Rudolf Virchow

Question 6

The breast imaging equipment that used two-step process, conditioner and processor, and printed blue and white images on paper was called:

Answer 6

Xeroradiography

Question 7

One of the first studies to demonstrate that the benefits of mammography far outweighed the risks was conducted by

Answer 7

HIP -The health Insurance Plan of Greater New York

Question 8

What techniques, used in the early 1970’s, proved effective in bringing radiation dose during the mammography examination to acceptable levels?

Answer 8

The first dedicated units in the early 1970’s used single- emulsion film and a single-emulsion calcium-tungstate screen. This system helped in bringing radiation dose to acceptable levels.

Question 9

The voluntary accreditation program was recommended by the:

Answer 9

The American College of Radiation -(ACR)

Question 10

The mandatory mammography quality assurance act passed by the US Congress in !992 is:

Answer 10

On October 27, 1992, theUS Congress passed the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA).

Question 11

What factor or factors led to the early erroneous theories on the human anatomy?

Answer 11

There were taboos, both religious and social, against human dissection. Scientist were forced to experiment with animals.

Question 12

Who was the most responsible for correcting the errors in human anatomy?

Answer 12

The Flemish physical, Andresa Vesalius

Question 13

In the early 18th century, the prognosis of women with breast cancer remained poor. What was a major contributing factor?

Answer 13

There was no early detection tool; cancers were discovered by visual exception at later stages with surgery being the only option.

Question 14

Name the pathologist who coined the terms “hyperplasia” and “ischemia”.

Answer 14

The German pathologist, Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902).

Question 15

How did the discovery of x-rays change the treatment options for breast cancer?

Answer 15

Radiation therapy became a treatment option.

Question 16

What conclusive finding led to the routine screening of asymptomatic women for breast cancer?

Answer 16

In the 1960’s, the Health Insurance Plan (HIP) discovered that routine screening of asymptomatic women would offer a 31% reduction in the mortality rate from breast cancer in women over 50.

Question 17

The ACR used a three-pronged approach to monitoring breast facilities. this approach carefully assessed which three areas of breast imaging?

Answer 17

The imaging, processing, and interpretation

Question 18

Give three disadvantages o the ACR accreditation program.

Answer 18

It was voluntary, there were no means of enforcement, no on-site evaluation of the facility, and it could result in a possible conflict of interest.

Question 19

What is the mammography screening guideline recommended by the ACS?

Answer 19

Women aged 20-39: CBE/3 yrs and monthly BSE.
Women over 40: Annual screening mammogram and CBE:
Monthly BSE, MRI or ultrasound for high risk or dense breast only.

Question 20

The devastation effects of breast cancer and the publics loss of confidence in the diagnostic options led to the passage of which act by the US congress?

Answer 20

On October 27, 1992, the US congress passed the Mammography Quality Standard Act (MSQA)

Question 21

What process is now required before a facility can lawfully perform mammograms in the united states?

Answer 21

Certification and accreditation of all mammography units is now required.

Question 22

What are the screening guidelines recommended by the US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF)?

Answer 22

The US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTE), a group of independent health experts are now recommending that routine screening of the average-risk women should begin at age 50, instead of age 40. They also suggest that screening should end at age 74, that women should be screened every two years instead of every year and that BSE has little value.