History MidYear Flashcards
What is a immigrant?
Someone who moves or settles in another country
What is a refugee?
Someone who has fled from danger in their homeland (for example war)
What is an Asylum Seeker?
A person who has left their home country as a refugee and wants to stay in another country
Name Britains earliest immigrants in order
Romans - 43CE
Vikings - 865CE
Normans - 1066CE
French Huguenots - 1572
Irish Immigrants - 1840
Carribean migrants - 1948
What is provenance?
Its a term to describe the origin or background of a source
What was the Empire Windrush?
It was a ship that came to britain in 1948 carrying 492 immigrants from the west indies
What were ghettos?
Areas which jews were sent to so that they could be separated from the aryan race
Who are lascars?
South asian sailors who travelled to England from India, most lascars settled near the London docks, took on other jobs and set up businesses.
Who are ayas?
Women who came from India to work as nannys and servants for wealthy families in Britain
What are the reasons why thousands of south asians settled in Britain after WW2?
-There was violence in parts of South Asia
-There were natural disasters which affected peoples homes
-Many South Asians had british passports
What was the main reason why people came to Britain?
Britain promised the South Asians jobs and work, some were qualified but others weren’t so they took jobs in Britains key industries.
When was the British Nationality Act made?
July 1948 - the act clarifys the right of people living in countries throughout the British empire to live permanently and work in Britain
What the was the empire windrush?
The empire windrush was a boat which came from the carribean to britain in 1948 carrying black people looking for a better life and job which they were promised if they came and worked in Britain.
Define ‘Eastern Europe’.
Eastern part of the continent of Europe.
It includes countries such as:
Poland, Bulgaria, Czech Replublic, Hungary, Romania, Russia and Croatia.
List reasons why many Eastern Europeans migrated to Britain in the years up to and during the Second World War.
In the 1700s, Polish Protestants came here to run away from religious persecution.
In the 1800s, jewish migrants came here to escape poverty and pogroms (organised killing of an ethnic group).
Kindertransport - children were rescued from places controlled by the Nazis (Germany, Austria, Poland, Czech Republic) and brought here.
Many adults also fled those countries and came here to serve in the army.
What is the Polish Resettlement Act?
Many Polish soldiers and pilots, as well as Polish Navy helped fight the Nazis.
In recognition for their help, the government made a law in 1947 (Polish Resettlemnt Act).
This Act stated that Poles who served under British command during the war (and their families) would be supported in Britain.
After that, over 100,000 Poles settled in Britain.
What was the European Voluntary workers scheme? (after the war)
Workers from Eastern Europe and the Caribbean were invited to work in Britain after the war.
Work they did:
- rebuilt large areas in cities destroyed by the war
- worked in factories, mines, hospitals and transport
After the war, the migrants who came to work in Britain were housed in resettlement camps.
What were the conditions in these camps?
These camps were often in army bases.
They had simple, basic and poorly heated huts. And the schooling was bad.
They had poor natural light and ventilation, and were occupied by more than one family.
But they became a symbol of stability for the first generation, and for the second, it tepresented a happy place full of freedom.
The migrants made the best of their situation and built churches, schools and leisure facilities.
In 2004 and 2006 about 10 Eastern European countries joined the European Union (EU).
What was the impact of these migration on the UK.
Many immigrants filled job shortages in farms, building and healthcare. Others did highly skilled jobs (i.e. dentists, vets, etc)
Good for the economy as:
Many started new businesses here and hence paid taxes to the British government.
Also by renting houses and buying goods.
Negative impact:
In some places, the number of people arriving put local services under pressure (housing, schools were not enough).
Why in 2009, did more Eastern Europeans leave Britain than arrive?
The economy in Britain wasn’t doing so well and there were fewer jobs available.
The economy in some Eastern European countries improved. For example, in Poland there were more jobs in construction, technology and financial services.
Define ‘Brexit’.
In 2016 there was a national vote in the Uk called ‘referendum’ to decide if Britain should leave the EU (European Union).
52% voted to leave (many of these voted to leave to control migration).
Since then, people from the EU can no longer move freely to the UK.
What was the short impact Brexit had on Eastern European migration?
Steep decline in Eastern European migration to Britain.
Reasons:
- less jobs
- migrants feel less welcome
- some businesses are struggling to find workers
What did invaders and settlers bring to Britain?
Celts - they brought the iron plow which helped revolutionise the agriculture.
Romans - built roads and towns still important today; first in Britain to use calendars, coins and bricks; introduced wine, cats, grapes, peas and carrots.
Anglo-Saxons - influenced the English language; were excellent farmers; gave England its name (Angle-land); created and named many towns; counties are named after them.
Normans - built fine castles, churches and cathedrals; introduced many laws and other customs stillused today. Influenced the language, broughtanimals.
Vikings - trade goods, new words, animals
What are the origins of Anti Semitism? (Hostility against jews)
It started 2000 years ago.
When Christianity became the oficial religion during the Roman Empire, Judaism became a rival religion. (Some Christians even claimed that Jews killed Jesus)
Jews were blamed for crisis such as plagues.
The laws in some countries discriminated the Jews: they could not do some jobs, lived separately in ghettos, and had to wear clothes/ hats to show they were Jewish.
They were forced to leave their country and had to find other places ro settle.
What was the Holocaust?
The massive killing of millions of innocent people just because they were Jewish.
What is genocide?
An act committed with the intention to destroy in whole or part of a religious or racial group.
Hitler and the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933.
What happens between 1933 and 1939?
Between those dates, the Jews in Germany faced terrible discrimination and prejudice and some were killed.
However, it was during the WW2 that the mass killing occurred.
How did the Nazis see the Jews?
The Nazis saw the Jews as inferior but very powerful group who threatened the ‘Aryan race’.
They also made false claims about the number of Jewish people in Germany and their influence.
What did the Nazis do in the 1930s to exclude the jews from the German society?
They excluded the Jews from areas of German society by:
- passing hundreds of anti-Jewish laws
What were some of the anti-Jewish laws the Nazis passed in the 1930s?
Jewish people:
- could not work for the government
- were not allowed to be members of sports clubs
- born in other countries could no longer be German citizens
-could not be editors of newspapers
-were expelled from the army
- not allowed to be vets
- who were teachers were banned from school
-children banned from schools
- not allowed to own businesses
-not allowed in cinemas and theatres
-had their driving licenses removed
-had to hand in old passports
-had to hand over valuables such as gold, silver, etc without compensation
On the 15th September 1935, the Nuremberg Laws were passed. What were these?
Nuremberg laws: German Jews are no longer German citizens.
Also, they were not allowed to marry or have sex with non-Jews.
What was the impact of the Anti-jewish laws on their lives?
It affected them economically as they were less able to earn money and make a living.
They had less freedom.
They were treated and made to feel like they were different (prejudice).
There was propaganda against them and some people became hostile towards them.
What was the Anti-Jewish propaganda?
Posters, newspapers, road signs, radio broadcasts and public speeches to spread messages of hate against Jews.
What were the early concentration camps?
A place to keep mainly communists because the Nazis saw them as a threat.
The camps were not hidden because the Nazis wanted to spread fear and terror, so no one would challenge their ideas and actions.
What were the EARLY concentration camps like? (between 1933-45)
Murder was rare and most people were allowed to leave after a period of time.
But the living conditions were harsh.
There were beatings, torture, humiliation and forced labour.
What happened on the 12th March 1938?
The Anschluss.
The German army entered Austria and asked if they wanted to be part of Germany.
Many agreed and immediately Jewish people living there were targeted, and anti-Jewish laws were also introduced.
Kristallnacht or the ‘night of crystal’ happened on the 9 November 1938 across Greater Germany.
What was it?
A wave of brutal violence against Jewish people, their home, sinagogues and businesses which lasted through the night and next day.
100 jews died and 30,000 jewish men were put in concentration camps where they were assaulted and tortured.
What were the ghettos?
The Nazis had the false belief that the Jews spread diseases and should be separated from others.
The Nazis believed the high number of Polish jews was a ‘big problem’ and a threat totheir security, so they wanted to control them.
So the Nazis ordered the Jews to certain areas of cities in Poland which became Ghettos.
Ghettos were sealed from the rest of the world and the jews there could not leave nor contact people outside.
Later, the Nazis created more ghettos in other countries they invaded in the east of Europe.
Why were the ghettos a temporary solution?
The Nazis wanted to remove the Jews from Europe but were not sure how.
Moving them to Madagascar was one of the options they were considering.
What were the conditions in the ghettos?
Overcrowded - 7 to 9 people shared each room
People starving
Large number of deaths
Jewish councils ‘run’ the ghetto and carry out Nazi orders. They distributed food, medicines and other supplies.
What was Chelmno and what do you know about it?
The first death camp in history.
No one was meant to survive.
They were killed in gas chambers.
What was the process of deportation?
In order to murder as many european jews as possible, people living in ghettos were being sent to death camps.
So jews were rounded up to be transported on trains, trucks and boats.
The journeys were very long and the conditions were appaling. Many died during the journey.
What is führer?
“leader” or “guide” In german
What is Lebensraum?
Living space in german
What is Volksgemeinschaft?
German expression meaning “racial community”
