History Midterm Flashcards
Explains how you came to the
present
Evaluates the present
Helps you understand
your place in the present
Provides a
program to change the present
Ideologies
Rejection of Classical Christianity; Movement away from local government ; Creates order out of disorder
Popular rule w/o popular responsibility
Revolutionary nationalism
Greatest German philosopher!)
of Enlightenment-separated science and morality into separate branches of knowledge-science could describe nature, it could not provide a guide for morality.
Wrote Critique of Pure reason
Idealist
Emanuel Kant
Nuoumenal: thing in itself
Fantasy and religion
Phenomenal: senses
Facts-science
You shouldn’t do something unless it would be okay for everyone else to do it all the time
Categorical imperative
German nationalist philosopher who developed the dialectical system which viewed history as a “Thesis +
Antithesis = Synthesis”process; believed the state was the embodiment of reason and liberty; Change is Universal + permanent; Change is not random; Dialectic thinking
G.W.F
Ideas
Thesis
Conflict of
Antithesis
Best of both worlds; truth
Synthesis
Father of theological liberalism
Friedrich Schleirmacher
(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.
First modern peace conference
Congress of Vienna
Czar of Russia from 1801 to 4 §
1825; after the defeat of Napoleon’s army in 1812, he became one of the most powerful leaders in Europe, supporting the suppression of all revolutionary movements in Russia and Europe
Czar Alexander I
The British representative at 4 I the Congress of Vienna, he represented the UK at the Congress and helped create the security system for Europe that would last until 1848.
Lord Castlereagh
Diplomat to France in
Congress of Vienna
Comte de Talleyrand
Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna
Prince Klemens Von Metternich
Age of Meterich - Austria 4 I
4 GOALS
reinstate monarchy-to keep peace in
Europe
- encircle
france-create bufferr
states arund.
-
compensate
land loss - back to pre
Napoleonic
borders
Establish balance of power
Member of British I Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.
Father of modern conservatism
Edmund Burke
French counterrevolutionary.
Spokesman for authoritarian conservatism after French Revolution. Supported restoration of the monarchy citing it as a divine institution and supported papal authority over temporal matters.
Joseph de Maistre
This was the alliance after the A Napoleonic era
Quadruple
Alliance;
Prussia/ England/ Austria/ Russia
(PEAR)
alliance that dealt with political issues
Quintuple alliance;
PEAR +
FRANCE
Promote Christian principles ) A
maintain order
Holy
Alliance;
Prussia/ Austria/ Russia (PAR)
idea that great powers have 1 A the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments
Principle of intervention
Revolt in Latin America
Mexico
(1810)
Chile (1818)
Spaniards born in the colonies
Creoles
Spanish and Indian ancestry
Mestizos
he led an army into chile along with San Martin to free it from Spain; he helped free chile
Bernardo O’higgins
Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata;
led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well.
Jose de San Martin
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South
America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Simon, Bolivar, the liberator
Western hemisphere is off limits for any future
colonization or intervention by Europeans
Monroe doctrine
1829 Danubian provinces and Serbia gain autonomy from Turks; Russia gains territory on the Danube River & the Caucasus; Turks agree to let
Britain, Russia, France determine fate of Greece
Marked an end to the congress system
Treaty of Adrianople
supporters who despised constitutional government and wanted to restore the Old Regime; included many high clergy and emigre nobles who had returned to France after the revolution
Ultraloyalists
set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of the ultraroyalists.
Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in teh legislative assemly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances.
Charles X
overthrow of King Charles (sought to impose absolutism by rolling back the constitutional monarchy)-radical revolt in Paris forced
Charles to abdicate
July revolution
King of France who had a limited monarchy and appealed to the middle class.
Louis Phillipe, Citizen King
Austrian who encouraged eastward movement of Austria that was challenged by the Turks. The Turks were defeated and eventually laid their power in southeastern Europe. Austria gained regression ofthe Spanish Netherlands and revieved formal recognition of its occupation of Spanish territory. It was never fully centralized.
Leopold I
Leopold Is first wife
Charlotte
Leopold second wife
Louise
Daughter of Leopold Is
Charlotte
Austrian archduke, became emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III Frenchman who took over
Mexico in 1863, ignored Monroe Doctrine, Mexico overthrew him
Maximillian
After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was out in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoleon (later known as Napoleon III), nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president, and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was later overthrown in yet another Coup d’ etat
Second republic
Product of the new government in France.
Imagined as nearly socialist cooperatives. In reality they were really temporary relief programs. Disliked by the moderates. Disbanded in June (bad move). Incited 3 day revolution (June Days) where workers fought against troops (and lost).
Workshop
A revolt during the month of June as a result of the abolishment of national workshops. This event ended the liberal capitalist and the radical socialists tension ending in victory for liberalism and Capitalism. it led to having a new constitution demanding a strong executive, which led to the rise of Louis Napoleon.
June days
Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who won a landslide victory in election after June Days leading to a semi-authoritarian regime.Emperor Napoleon Ill
Louise Napoleon
1852; Napoleon the 3rd elected president of the French Republic; economy stimulated; Paris is renovated and Mexico is invaded
Second napoleonic empire
Leader of Italy’s resurgence,
he was a nationalist that founded Young Italy in 1831.
Goal was creation of a united
Italian Republic. Wanted Italians to love their country!
Revolts followed, but eventually counterrevolutionary forces like Austria were able to win out.
Unification through violence
Guisseppe Mazzini and young Italy
Italian statesman 4 A
from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification of Italy.
Count Cavour
a determined Italian patriot who led the invasion of the kingdom of Two Sicilies.
Ended Revolutions because he didn’t want civil war.
Guiseppe Garibaldi and the Red shirts
He was king of Sardinia, Piedmont and Savory Until 1861 when he was crowned the first king of a united Italy
Victor Emmanuel II
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)
Otto Von Bismarck
1864 Prussian & Austria vs
Denmark. Denmark loses.
Prussia gets schleswig.
Austria gets Halstein
Danish war
Also known as the Seven Weeks’ War. This war was between Austria and Prussia, with Italy helping Prussia. It was over control of the German Confederation. Prussia won, and created the North German Confederation, of which Austria was not a part, and Italy received Venetia.
Austro- Prussia. War
A telegram edited by Bismark & to insult the French people while making it sound as though they had insulted the Prussians. This led to the Franco-Prussian wars which Prussia won handily and violently The French people never forgave the Prussians, setting the stage for World War I.
dispatch
This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).
Franco Prussian war
The four-month Prussian assault on the French capital after Napoleon Ill’s surrender in 1870.
Siege of Paris
He became king of Prussia in 4 A 1861 and sought to increase Prussian power. He appointed Otto Von Bismarck as his Prime Minister. In 1871, at the Palace of Versailles after the Franco-Prussian war, he was proclaimed Kaiser of the German Empire by Otto von Bismarck.
Wilhelm I
Ended the Franco-Prussian War
Treaty of Frankfort
Wilhelm Il’s state secretary for naval affairs; organized the Navy League and set out to build up German sea power
Admiral Von Tirpitz
Empire in which a dual monarchy was set up in order to bring compromise to a series of different ethnicities.
Austro- Hungarian empire
(1830-1916) Emperor of Austria-Hungary from 1848 to 1916; during his long reign he took small steps to address the democratic and nationalist aspirations of his people.
Franz Joseph I
French Republic started after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, which led to the demise of Napoleon Ill, and survived until the invasion of the German third
Reich. It was the longest regime from after the French Revolution.
The third French Republic
Bismarck’s (Germany’s) secret I treaty with Austria which provided for support if attacked by Russia.
France/Russia
Dual alliance
(1904) Britain gained control 4 I of Egypt. France gained control of Morocco. But not a written alliance only and agreement. Basically against Germany
France/ England
Extent cordiale
An alliance between Great I
Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.
Triple entente
-Utopian Socialist
-Advocated the creation of small model communities called phalanxes. These were self-contained cooperatives, each consisting ideally of 1620 people, because obviously 1630 would be far too many. Communally housed live and work together for mutual benefit. Work assignments would be rotated frequently to relieve workers of undesirable tasks. He was unable to gain financial backing for his phalanxes, and his plan remains
Charles Fourie
(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed
Robert Owen
tried to sunthesize feminism and socialim by travelling through France and preaching the freedom for women. The Worker’s Union advocated the application of Fourier’s ideas to reorganize family and work.
Flora Tristan
Utopian socialist who wanted & a society led by intellectuals providing for the welfare of the lowest classes
Henri de saint simon
Physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity.
Albert Einstein
German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel
Prize for physics in 1918.
Max Planck
1913- discovered that electrons move around the nucleus in orbits called electron shells.
Niels Bohr
A black chemist and director 4 A of agriculture at the Tuskegee Institute, where he invented many new uses for peanuts. He believed that education was the key to improving the social status of blacks.
helped diversify southern education
George Washington Carver
theorized that a particular kind of mosquito transmitted the yellow fever germs from one victim to another
Dr Carlos Finlay
Vaccine for Malaria - Finlay believes mosquitoes are spreading malaria
Dr. Carlos
Finlay,
Walter
Reed, and
William Gorgas
1863-1947. American
businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.
Henry Ford
Created a new type of airship, the zeppelin which is a blimp (dirigible)
Ferdinand Von zeppelin
took place on Thursday, May I 6, 1937, as the German passenger airship LZ 129
Hindenburg caught fire and was destroyed during its attempt to dock with its mooring mast at Naval Air
Station Lakehurst
Hindenburg disaster
These brothers were bicycle 4 mechanics from Dayton, Ohio who built and flew the first plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903.
Their success kickstarted the aviation era
Orville and Wilbur wright
Fur trader who built one of Americas greatest fortunes he died in the titanic but his wife and child survived
John Jacob Astor IV
couple who died in the titanic
Isadore and ida Stratus
couple who died in the titanic
Isadore and ida straus
pastor who died in the Titanic
John Harper
Belief that people of a shared I race, language and background should have their own country
Nationalism
Darwin’s theory of evolution 1 § to human society for natural selection or survival of the fittest to explain how some companies will flourish while others won’t
Strongest nations and races should rule
Strongest nation and races
Social Darwinism
Chief of the German general staff from 1891 to 1906. He outlined Germany’s war plan by defeating the French and standing on the defensive against Russia all in a six week period
Count Alfred Von Schlieffen
attack the French army first & through Belgium before the Russian can mobilize
Schlieffen plan
Italy, Germany, Austria
Triple alliance
when a country will extend their power into another territory
Imperialism
Archduke of Austria Hungarvi D assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Serbian nationalist/terrorist 4 group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of
World War I.
Black Hand
WWI begins
August 1914
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (Main)
Causes of WWI
French forces stopped the German advance in a stunning counteroffensive that drove the exhausted
Germans back across the
Marne River, saving Paris and the French army from capture
end of the Schlieffen Plan; beginning of trench warfare
Miracle of The Marne
A form of warfare in which 41 : opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.
shell shock Psychological response
Trench warfare
Psychological response to 4 I prolonged helplessness
Shell shock
A strip of land between the 4 A trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during WWI
No man’s land
The combination of trench warfare and the German trent of going “over the top”.
Countless threw themselves through No Man’s land into barbed wire and heavy artillery. A feature of WWI that contributed to its reputation as a harbinger of meaningless death
The great slaughter
the name given to a type of 4 A German long-range siege gun, several of which were used to bombard Paris during
World War I.
artillery capable of firing shells 75 miles, but not as accurate as Big Bertha; so named because it was first used to shell Paris.
Paris gun
A new invention in WWI- a yellow colored gas that was fired at the enemy- it caused blindness damage to the lungs and death
Mustard Gas
Belgium, 1915: This was the fist I time chlorine gas was used by German troops.
Battle of Ypres
(1916) the longest battle of 4
World War I; it ended in stalemate, with both sides suffering hundreds of thousands of casualties
One of the bloodiest battles
Battle of Verdun
Maior British and French attack on the German lines in
1916- It ultimately failed to drive Germans out of France resulting in little change of position
a
Bloodiest battle of WWI
Somme offensive
Treaty in which Russia lost 4 I substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war (1918).
Treaty of Brest-litovsk
Allied invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula in the Straits, unprofitable fighting for months, huge casualties but the allies had to withdraw, so a large victory to Turkish forces
Gallipoli campaign
British colonel fighting in the 4 A Middle East, he later became known as Lawrence of Arabia
united the Arabs against the
Ottoman empire
T.E. Lawrence
captured Jerusalem in
December 1917
General Edmund allenby
a German submarine that was A the first submarine employed in warfare, initially used during WWI
U-Boat
British passenger liner carrying 1,198 persons sank by a German -boat, killing all passengers, including 128 Americans on May 7, 1915.
This hastened U.S. involvement in WWI
Lusitania Disaster
Only real naval battle of the 4 A WWI. May 1916. German Baltic fleet met Brits of coast of Denmark. Germans inflicted heavy British losses but failed to break British blockade. German fleet retreated to Baltic and stayed there. British naval supremacy confirmed but British were unable to defeat German fleet completely in order to service Russia through the Baltic.
Largest naval battle of WWI
Battle of Jutland
German “ace” (Dilot) who shot i down over 80 enemy planes during World War I
Red Baron
Famous American “ace” pilot 4 I who downed 26 enemy fighters in WWI
Eddie Rckenbacker
The Entry of the U.S
Unrestricted
Submarine
Warfare
Shocked by
Propaganda
Zimmerman
Note( to Mexico)
A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters
Unrestricted submarine warfare
1917 - Germany sent this to 4
Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince
Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile
Note
A nickname for the inexperienced but fresh
American soldiers during
WWI
Doughboys
The first battle that the US 1 A participated in overseas. They stopped Germany from taking France, turning point of world war 1 The last major offensive of the western front
Second battle of the Marne
a series of offensives launched by the Allies in
August 1918, which effectively ends the war- Germany has nothing left to fight for
Hundred days offensive
German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire’s monarchy.
Weimar
Republic
Group of writers in 1920s who & shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe.
Lost generations
President of the United State§ &
(1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the
League of Nations.
Woodrow Wilson
A series of proposals in which U.S. president
Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I
blue print for peace
Fourteen points
Big Four of the Treaty of Versailles
Wilson - US George -England
Clemenceau- France
Orlando - Italy
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
All nations meet together to discuss about war
US never joined
League of Nations
Germany losses
Territorial losses d
Demilitarization on
Reparation
War guilt
Clause
in treaty of Versailles; declared germany and austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers
War guilt clause
