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History Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Explains how you came to the
present
Evaluates the present
Helps you understand
your place in the present
Provides a
program to change the present

A

Ideologies

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2
Q

Rejection of Classical Christianity; Movement away from local government ; Creates order out of disorder
Popular rule w/o popular responsibility

A

Revolutionary nationalism

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3
Q

Greatest German philosopher!)
of Enlightenment-separated science and morality into separate branches of knowledge-science could describe nature, it could not provide a guide for morality.
Wrote Critique of Pure reason

Idealist

A

Emanuel Kant

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4
Q

Nuoumenal: thing in itself

A

Fantasy and religion

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5
Q

Phenomenal: senses

A

Facts-science

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6
Q

You shouldn’t do something unless it would be okay for everyone else to do it all the time

A

Categorical imperative

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7
Q

German nationalist philosopher who developed the dialectical system which viewed history as a “Thesis +
Antithesis = Synthesis”process; believed the state was the embodiment of reason and liberty; Change is Universal + permanent; Change is not random; Dialectic thinking

A

G.W.F

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8
Q

Ideas

A

Thesis

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9
Q

Conflict of

A

Antithesis

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10
Q

Best of both worlds; truth

A

Synthesis

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11
Q

Father of theological liberalism

A

Friedrich Schleirmacher

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12
Q

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

First modern peace conference

A

Congress of Vienna

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13
Q

Czar of Russia from 1801 to 4 §
1825; after the defeat of Napoleon’s army in 1812, he became one of the most powerful leaders in Europe, supporting the suppression of all revolutionary movements in Russia and Europe

A

Czar Alexander I

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14
Q

The British representative at 4 I the Congress of Vienna, he represented the UK at the Congress and helped create the security system for Europe that would last until 1848.

A

Lord Castlereagh

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15
Q

Diplomat to France in
Congress of Vienna

A

Comte de Talleyrand

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16
Q

Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna

A

Prince Klemens Von Metternich

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17
Q

Age of Meterich - Austria 4 I
4 GOALS

A

reinstate monarchy-to keep peace in
Europe
- encircle
france-create bufferr
states arund.
-
compensate
land loss - back to pre
Napoleonic
borders
Establish balance of power

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18
Q

Member of British I Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.

Father of modern conservatism

A

Edmund Burke

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19
Q

French counterrevolutionary.
Spokesman for authoritarian conservatism after French Revolution. Supported restoration of the monarchy citing it as a divine institution and supported papal authority over temporal matters.

A

Joseph de Maistre

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20
Q

This was the alliance after the A Napoleonic era

A

Quadruple
Alliance;
Prussia/ England/ Austria/ Russia
(PEAR)

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21
Q

alliance that dealt with political issues

A

Quintuple alliance;
PEAR +
FRANCE

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22
Q

Promote Christian principles ) A
maintain order

A

Holy
Alliance;
Prussia/ Austria/ Russia (PAR)

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23
Q

idea that great powers have 1 A the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments

A

Principle of intervention

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24
Q

Revolt in Latin America

A

Mexico
(1810)
Chile (1818)

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25
Q

Spaniards born in the colonies

A

Creoles

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26
Q

Spanish and Indian ancestry

A

Mestizos

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27
Q

he led an army into chile along with San Martin to free it from Spain; he helped free chile

A

Bernardo O’higgins

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28
Q

Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata;
led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well.

A

Jose de San Martin

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29
Q

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South
America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

A

Simon, Bolivar, the liberator

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30
Q

Western hemisphere is off limits for any future
colonization or intervention by Europeans

A

Monroe doctrine

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31
Q

1829 Danubian provinces and Serbia gain autonomy from Turks; Russia gains territory on the Danube River & the Caucasus; Turks agree to let
Britain, Russia, France determine fate of Greece
Marked an end to the congress system

A

Treaty of Adrianople

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32
Q

supporters who despised constitutional government and wanted to restore the Old Regime; included many high clergy and emigre nobles who had returned to France after the revolution

A

Ultraloyalists

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33
Q

set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of the ultraroyalists.
Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in teh legislative assemly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances.

A

Charles X

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34
Q

overthrow of King Charles (sought to impose absolutism by rolling back the constitutional monarchy)-radical revolt in Paris forced
Charles to abdicate

A

July revolution

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35
Q

King of France who had a limited monarchy and appealed to the middle class.

A

Louis Phillipe, Citizen King

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36
Q

Austrian who encouraged eastward movement of Austria that was challenged by the Turks. The Turks were defeated and eventually laid their power in southeastern Europe. Austria gained regression ofthe Spanish Netherlands and revieved formal recognition of its occupation of Spanish territory. It was never fully centralized.

A

Leopold I

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37
Q

Leopold Is first wife

A

Charlotte

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38
Q

Leopold second wife

A

Louise

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39
Q

Daughter of Leopold Is

A

Charlotte

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40
Q

Austrian archduke, became emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III Frenchman who took over
Mexico in 1863, ignored Monroe Doctrine, Mexico overthrew him

A

Maximillian

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41
Q

After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was out in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoleon (later known as Napoleon III), nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president, and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was later overthrown in yet another Coup d’ etat

A

Second republic

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42
Q

Product of the new government in France.
Imagined as nearly socialist cooperatives. In reality they were really temporary relief programs. Disliked by the moderates. Disbanded in June (bad move). Incited 3 day revolution (June Days) where workers fought against troops (and lost).

A

Workshop

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43
Q

A revolt during the month of June as a result of the abolishment of national workshops. This event ended the liberal capitalist and the radical socialists tension ending in victory for liberalism and Capitalism. it led to having a new constitution demanding a strong executive, which led to the rise of Louis Napoleon.

A

June days

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44
Q

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who won a landslide victory in election after June Days leading to a semi-authoritarian regime.Emperor Napoleon Ill

A

Louise Napoleon

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45
Q

1852; Napoleon the 3rd elected president of the French Republic; economy stimulated; Paris is renovated and Mexico is invaded

A

Second napoleonic empire

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46
Q

Leader of Italy’s resurgence,
he was a nationalist that founded Young Italy in 1831.
Goal was creation of a united
Italian Republic. Wanted Italians to love their country!
Revolts followed, but eventually counterrevolutionary forces like Austria were able to win out.

Unification through violence

A

Guisseppe Mazzini and young Italy

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47
Q

Italian statesman 4 A
from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification of Italy.

A

Count Cavour

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48
Q

a determined Italian patriot who led the invasion of the kingdom of Two Sicilies.
Ended Revolutions because he didn’t want civil war.

A

Guiseppe Garibaldi and the Red shirts

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49
Q

He was king of Sardinia, Piedmont and Savory Until 1861 when he was crowned the first king of a united Italy

A

Victor Emmanuel II

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50
Q

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

A

Otto Von Bismarck

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51
Q

1864 Prussian & Austria vs
Denmark. Denmark loses.
Prussia gets schleswig.
Austria gets Halstein

A

Danish war

52
Q

Also known as the Seven Weeks’ War. This war was between Austria and Prussia, with Italy helping Prussia. It was over control of the German Confederation. Prussia won, and created the North German Confederation, of which Austria was not a part, and Italy received Venetia.

A

Austro- Prussia. War

53
Q

A telegram edited by Bismark & to insult the French people while making it sound as though they had insulted the Prussians. This led to the Franco-Prussian wars which Prussia won handily and violently The French people never forgave the Prussians, setting the stage for World War I.

A

dispatch

54
Q

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

A

Franco Prussian war

55
Q

The four-month Prussian assault on the French capital after Napoleon Ill’s surrender in 1870.

A

Siege of Paris

56
Q

He became king of Prussia in 4 A 1861 and sought to increase Prussian power. He appointed Otto Von Bismarck as his Prime Minister. In 1871, at the Palace of Versailles after the Franco-Prussian war, he was proclaimed Kaiser of the German Empire by Otto von Bismarck.

A

Wilhelm I

57
Q

Ended the Franco-Prussian War

A

Treaty of Frankfort

58
Q

Wilhelm Il’s state secretary for naval affairs; organized the Navy League and set out to build up German sea power

A

Admiral Von Tirpitz

59
Q

Empire in which a dual monarchy was set up in order to bring compromise to a series of different ethnicities.

A

Austro- Hungarian empire

60
Q

(1830-1916) Emperor of Austria-Hungary from 1848 to 1916; during his long reign he took small steps to address the democratic and nationalist aspirations of his people.

A

Franz Joseph I

61
Q

French Republic started after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, which led to the demise of Napoleon Ill, and survived until the invasion of the German third
Reich. It was the longest regime from after the French Revolution.

A

The third French Republic

62
Q

Bismarck’s (Germany’s) secret I treaty with Austria which provided for support if attacked by Russia.
France/Russia

A

Dual alliance

63
Q

(1904) Britain gained control 4 I of Egypt. France gained control of Morocco. But not a written alliance only and agreement. Basically against Germany

France/ England

A

Extent cordiale

64
Q

An alliance between Great I
Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

A

Triple entente

65
Q

-Utopian Socialist
-Advocated the creation of small model communities called phalanxes. These were self-contained cooperatives, each consisting ideally of 1620 people, because obviously 1630 would be far too many. Communally housed live and work together for mutual benefit. Work assignments would be rotated frequently to relieve workers of undesirable tasks. He was unable to gain financial backing for his phalanxes, and his plan remains

A

Charles Fourie

66
Q

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

A

Robert Owen

67
Q

tried to sunthesize feminism and socialim by travelling through France and preaching the freedom for women. The Worker’s Union advocated the application of Fourier’s ideas to reorganize family and work.

A

Flora Tristan

68
Q

Utopian socialist who wanted & a society led by intellectuals providing for the welfare of the lowest classes

A

Henri de saint simon

69
Q

Physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity.

A

Albert Einstein

70
Q

German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel
Prize for physics in 1918.

A

Max Planck

71
Q

1913- discovered that electrons move around the nucleus in orbits called electron shells.

A

Niels Bohr

72
Q

A black chemist and director 4 A of agriculture at the Tuskegee Institute, where he invented many new uses for peanuts. He believed that education was the key to improving the social status of blacks.
helped diversify southern education

A

George Washington Carver

73
Q

theorized that a particular kind of mosquito transmitted the yellow fever germs from one victim to another

A

Dr Carlos Finlay

74
Q

Vaccine for Malaria - Finlay believes mosquitoes are spreading malaria

A

Dr. Carlos
Finlay,
Walter
Reed, and
William Gorgas

75
Q

1863-1947. American
businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

A

Henry Ford

76
Q

Created a new type of airship, the zeppelin which is a blimp (dirigible)

A

Ferdinand Von zeppelin

77
Q

took place on Thursday, May I 6, 1937, as the German passenger airship LZ 129
Hindenburg caught fire and was destroyed during its attempt to dock with its mooring mast at Naval Air
Station Lakehurst

A

Hindenburg disaster

78
Q

These brothers were bicycle 4 mechanics from Dayton, Ohio who built and flew the first plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903.
Their success kickstarted the aviation era

A

Orville and Wilbur wright

79
Q

Fur trader who built one of Americas greatest fortunes he died in the titanic but his wife and child survived

A

John Jacob Astor IV

80
Q

couple who died in the titanic

A

Isadore and ida Stratus

81
Q

couple who died in the titanic

A

Isadore and ida straus

82
Q

pastor who died in the Titanic

A

John Harper

83
Q

Belief that people of a shared I race, language and background should have their own country

A

Nationalism

84
Q

Darwin’s theory of evolution 1 § to human society for natural selection or survival of the fittest to explain how some companies will flourish while others won’t
Strongest nations and races should rule

Strongest nation and races

A

Social Darwinism

85
Q

Chief of the German general staff from 1891 to 1906. He outlined Germany’s war plan by defeating the French and standing on the defensive against Russia all in a six week period

A

Count Alfred Von Schlieffen

86
Q

attack the French army first & through Belgium before the Russian can mobilize

A

Schlieffen plan

87
Q

Italy, Germany, Austria

A

Triple alliance

88
Q

when a country will extend their power into another territory

A

Imperialism

89
Q

Archduke of Austria Hungarvi D assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.

A

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

90
Q

Serbian nationalist/terrorist 4 group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of
World War I.

A

Black Hand

91
Q

WWI begins

A

August 1914

92
Q

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (Main)

A

Causes of WWI

93
Q

French forces stopped the German advance in a stunning counteroffensive that drove the exhausted
Germans back across the
Marne River, saving Paris and the French army from capture
end of the Schlieffen Plan; beginning of trench warfare

A

Miracle of The Marne

94
Q

A form of warfare in which 41 : opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.
shell shock Psychological response

A

Trench warfare

95
Q

Psychological response to 4 I prolonged helplessness

A

Shell shock

96
Q

A strip of land between the 4 A trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during WWI

A

No man’s land

97
Q

The combination of trench warfare and the German trent of going “over the top”.
Countless threw themselves through No Man’s land into barbed wire and heavy artillery. A feature of WWI that contributed to its reputation as a harbinger of meaningless death

A

The great slaughter

98
Q

the name given to a type of 4 A German long-range siege gun, several of which were used to bombard Paris during
World War I.

artillery capable of firing shells 75 miles, but not as accurate as Big Bertha; so named because it was first used to shell Paris.

A

Paris gun

99
Q

A new invention in WWI- a yellow colored gas that was fired at the enemy- it caused blindness damage to the lungs and death

A

Mustard Gas

100
Q

Belgium, 1915: This was the fist I time chlorine gas was used by German troops.

A

Battle of Ypres

101
Q

(1916) the longest battle of 4
World War I; it ended in stalemate, with both sides suffering hundreds of thousands of casualties
One of the bloodiest battles

A

Battle of Verdun

102
Q

Maior British and French attack on the German lines in
1916- It ultimately failed to drive Germans out of France resulting in little change of position
a
Bloodiest battle of WWI

A

Somme offensive

103
Q

Treaty in which Russia lost 4 I substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war (1918).

A

Treaty of Brest-litovsk

104
Q

Allied invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula in the Straits, unprofitable fighting for months, huge casualties but the allies had to withdraw, so a large victory to Turkish forces

A

Gallipoli campaign

105
Q

British colonel fighting in the 4 A Middle East, he later became known as Lawrence of Arabia
united the Arabs against the
Ottoman empire

A

T.E. Lawrence

106
Q

captured Jerusalem in
December 1917

A

General Edmund allenby

107
Q

a German submarine that was A the first submarine employed in warfare, initially used during WWI

A

U-Boat

108
Q

British passenger liner carrying 1,198 persons sank by a German -boat, killing all passengers, including 128 Americans on May 7, 1915.
This hastened U.S. involvement in WWI

A

Lusitania Disaster

109
Q

Only real naval battle of the 4 A WWI. May 1916. German Baltic fleet met Brits of coast of Denmark. Germans inflicted heavy British losses but failed to break British blockade. German fleet retreated to Baltic and stayed there. British naval supremacy confirmed but British were unable to defeat German fleet completely in order to service Russia through the Baltic.
Largest naval battle of WWI

A

Battle of Jutland

110
Q

German “ace” (Dilot) who shot i down over 80 enemy planes during World War I

A

Red Baron

111
Q

Famous American “ace” pilot 4 I who downed 26 enemy fighters in WWI

A

Eddie Rckenbacker

112
Q

The Entry of the U.S

A

Unrestricted
Submarine
Warfare
Shocked by
Propaganda
Zimmerman
Note( to Mexico)

113
Q

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

A

Unrestricted submarine warfare

114
Q

1917 - Germany sent this to 4
Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince
Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

A

Note

115
Q

A nickname for the inexperienced but fresh
American soldiers during
WWI

A

Doughboys

116
Q

The first battle that the US 1 A participated in overseas. They stopped Germany from taking France, turning point of world war 1 The last major offensive of the western front

A

Second battle of the Marne

117
Q

a series of offensives launched by the Allies in
August 1918, which effectively ends the war- Germany has nothing left to fight for

A

Hundred days offensive

118
Q

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire’s monarchy.

A

Weimar
Republic

119
Q

Group of writers in 1920s who & shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe.

A

Lost generations

120
Q

President of the United State§ &
(1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the
League of Nations.

A

Woodrow Wilson

121
Q

A series of proposals in which U.S. president
Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I
blue print for peace

A

Fourteen points

122
Q

Big Four of the Treaty of Versailles

A

Wilson - US George -England
Clemenceau- France
Orlando - Italy

123
Q

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

All nations meet together to discuss about war

US never joined

A

League of Nations

124
Q

Germany losses

A

Territorial losses d
Demilitarization on
Reparation
War guilt
Clause

125
Q

in treaty of Versailles; declared germany and austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers

A

War guilt clause

History (5 decks)

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