History Mid-Term

Question 1

Companies combined to limit competition

Answer 1

Trusts

Question 2

Company’s avoidance of middlemen by producing its own supplies and providing for distribution of its product

Answer 2

Vertical Integrations

Question 3

The process by which a corporation acquires or merges with its competitors

Answer 3

Horizontal Expansion

Question 4

Known as captains of industry, Gilded-Age industrial figures who inspired both admiration and innovation

Answer 4

Robber Barons

Question 5

Large farms that covered thousands of acres and employed hundreds of wage laborers in the West

Answer 5

Bonanza Farms

Question 6

Most famous battle of the Great Sioux War; took place in 1876 in the Montana Territory; combined Sioux and Cheyenne warriors massacred a vastly outnumbered U.S. Cavalry commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer.

Answer 6

Battle of Little Bighorn

Question 7

Broke up tribal holdings into small farms for Indian families, with the remainder sold to white purchasers

Answer 7

Dawes Act

Question 8

A spiritual and political movement among Native Americans whose followers performed a ______ intended to connect the living with the dead

Answer 8

Ghost Dance

Question 9

Last incident of the Indian Wars; it took place in 1890 in the Dakota Territory, where the U.S. Cavalry killed over 200 Sioux

Answer 9

Wounded Knee Massacre

Question 10

The popular but derogatory name for the period from the end of the Civil War to the turn of the century, after the title of the novel by Mark Twain

Answer 10

The Gilded Age

Question 11

Policy where the value of a dollar is set at a fixed price in terms of gold

Answer 11

Gold Standard

Question 12

Law that established the Civil Service Commission and marked the end of the spoils system

Answer 12

Civil Service Act of 1883

Question 13

Organization established by congress, in reaction to Wabash Railroad v. Illinois. Curbed abuses in the railroad industry by regulating rates

Answer 13

Interstate Commerce Commission

Question 14

The first law to restrict monopolistic trusts and business combinations

Answer 14

Sherman Antitrust Act

Question 15

Application of Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection to society; used the concept of the “survival of the fittest” to justify class distinctions and to explain poverty.

Answer 15

Social Darwinism

Question 16

A series of demonstrations, held nationwide in support of striking railroad workers who refused to work due to wage cuts

Answer 16

Great Railroad Strike

Question 17

The first national union, supplanted by the American Federation of Labor

Answer 17

Knights of Labor

Question 18

Concept of taxing only landowners as a remedy for poverty

Answer 18

Single Tax

Question 19

Advocated the application of Christian principles to social problems generated by industrialization

Answer 19

Social Gospel

Question 20

Violence during an anarchist protest at Haymarket Square in Chicago on May 4, 1886; the deaths of eight, including seven policemen, led to the trial of eight anarchist leaders for conspiracy to commit murder.

Answer 20

Haymarket Affair

Question 21

Founded in 1892, a group that advocated a variety of reform issues, including free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators.

Answer 21

Populists

Question 22

1882 law that halted Chinese immigration to the United States.

Answer 22

Chinese Exclusion Act

Question 23

A march on Washington organized by Jacob Coxey, an Ohio member of the People’s Party. Coxey believed in abandoning the gold standard and printing enough legal tender to reinvigorate the economy. The marchers demanded that Congress create jobs and pay workers in paper currency not backed by gold.

Answer 23

Coxey’s Army

Question 24

Speech to the Cotton States and International Exposition in 1895 by educator Booker T. Washington, the leading black spokesman of the day; black scholar W. E. B. Du Bois gave the speech its derisive name and criticized Washington for encouraging blacks to accommodate segregation and disenfranchisement.

Answer 24

Atlanta Compromise

Question 25

Atlanta Constitution editor Henry W. Grady’s 1886 term for the prosperous post–Civil War South he envisioned: democratic, industrial, urban, and free of nostalgia for the defeated plantation South.

Answer 25

New South

Question 26

A migration in 1879 and 1880 by some 40,000–60,000 blacks to Kansas to escape the oppressive environment of the New South.

Answer 26

Kansas Exodus

Question 27

Loophole created by southern disenfranchising legislatures of the 1890s for illiterate white males whose grandfathers had been eligible to vote before the Civil War.

Answer 27

Grandfather Clause

Question 28

A federation of trade unions founded in 1881, composed mostly of skilled, white, native-born workers; its long-term president was Samuel Gompers.

Answer 28

American Federation of Labor

Question 29

To deprive of the right to vote; in the United States, exclusionary policies were used to deny groups, especially African-Americans and women, their voting rights.

Answer 29

Disenfranchisement

Question 30

Sensationalism in newspaper publishing that reached a peak in the circulation war between Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World and William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal in the 1890s; the papers’ accounts of events in Havana Harbor in 1898 led directly to the Spanish-American War.

Answer 30

Yellow Press

Question 31

Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898, resulting in 266 deaths; the American public, assuming that the Spanish had mined the ship, clamored for war, and the Spanish-American War was declared two months later.

Answer 31

U.S.S. Maine

Question 32

U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites

Answer 32

Plessy V. Ferguson

Question 33

1901 amendment to the Cuban constitution that reserved the United States’ right to intervene in Cuban affairs and forced newly independent Cuba to host American naval bases on the island.

Answer 33

Platt Amendment

Question 34

Principle underlying legal racial segregation, upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and struck down in Brown v. Board of Education (1954).

Answer 34

"Seperate But Equal"

Question 35

Demand in 1899 by Secretary of State John Hay, in hopes of protecting the Chinese market for U.S. exports, that Chinese trade be open to all nations.

Answer 35

Open Door Policy

Question 36

Practice, particularly widespread in the South between 1890 and 1940, in which persons (usually black) accused of a crime were murdered by mobs before standing trial. Lynchings often took place before large crowds, with law enforcement authorities not intervening.

Answer 36

Lynching

Question 37

American military campaign that suppressed the movement for Philippine independence after the Spanish-American War; America’s death toll was over 4,000 and the Philippines’ was far higher.

Answer 37

Philippine War

Question 38

A romanticized view of slavery, the Old South, and the Confederacy that arose in the decades following the Civil War.

Answer 38

The Lost Cause

Question 39

Series of cases between 1901 and 1904 in which the Supreme Court ruled that constitutional protection of individual rights did not fully apply to residents of “insular” territories acquired by the United States in the Spanish-American War, such as Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

Answer 39

Insular Cases

Question 40

Wave of newcomers from southern and eastern Europe, including many Jews, who became a majority among immigrants to America after 1890.

Answer 40

New Immigrants

Question 41

Coalition of anti-imperialist groups united in 1899 to protest American territorial expansion, especially in the Philippine Islands; its membership included prominent politicians, industrialists, labor leaders, and social reformers.

Answer 41

Anti-Imperialist League

Question 42

A political organization founded in 1894 that called for reducing immigration to the United States by requiring a literacy test for immigrants.

Answer 42

Immigration Restriction League