history:medicine through time Flashcards
what did William Harvey believe about veins?
carry blood only, rather than a mixture of blood and air
what did Harvey base his work around?
physiology-he the body functions rather than the causes of diesease
what did physicians not carry out?
dissections
what did harveys book explain?
his experiments and explaining how the heart works as a pump of circulating blood around the body
what did Harvey believe about blood?
wasn’t constantly made by liver but the heart repeatedly pumped it around the body like a circuit
what were harveys disadvantages?
people often wrote books against him,it took over 50 years for people to accept his idea.
what did doctors believe?
galens ideas about the 4 humors, miasma, and supernatural vauses
why did harveys ideas have limited impact?
people didn’t believe him because of lack of technology and microscopes so people couldnt prove his theory was correct.
what changes from the middle ages to the 19th century?
organisation and clean water supplies and systems
what other things did Harvey suggest about blood?
that it must go through blood vessels in order to move from the arterys to the veins
what book did Harvey publish
anatomical account o the motion of the heart and blood in animals
what are inoculations?
same virus to make someone immune, unlike vaccinations as they only use a small dose of the disease.
what happened in 1848 for chadwick?
the government introduced the public health act, and a official health board and a medical officer.
what diseases were common in the 19th century?
thypoid
smallpox
cholera
tb
what were existing beliefs about cholera in the 19th century?
caused by miasma and the spontaneous generation
what did chadwicks report on sanitary conditions include?
cheaper if local taxes were used to improve hygiene and housing
what did louis Pasteur do?
he developed vaccinations to prevent chicken cholera and rabies and anthrax
what did pasteur fins?
there was a missing link in medicine, he found a key which would unlock medical discoveries related to germs
what was louis Pasteur’s profession?
scientist (not a doctor)
what was Pasteur forced to do?
conduct public experiments to show the scientific community that he was correct
why did pasteurs work fail?
he couldn’t find the one specific germ that caused the dieseases
what were Robert kocks limitations?
he needed pasteurs theory
he couldn’t always develop working vaccinations
he couldn’t create the magic bullet
what did kock need for his work?
he needed the work of Pasteur who discovered germs
what did kock create a vaccination for?
tb
who did kock mainly inspire?
microbe hunters
what good thing happened in 1840 for Edward jenner?
the vaccination act was introduced, the public were encouraged to be vaccinated, in 1853 vaccinations were then made compulsory
what did edward jenner do?
created a vaccination for smallpox
who did jenner inspire to follow on with vaccinations?
louis Pasteur and Robert koch
why did jenners ideas have limited impact?
no knowledge on germs and microbes no inoculations church didn't approve of his ideas only a small country doctor anti vaccine society was set up
what microbes did jenner discover?
the ones that caused septicimia and anthrax and tb
what were the main 19th century public heath problems?
over crowding miasma pollution spreading of germs vermin dampness no fresh or clean water
what impact did the royal society have on medical training in the middle ages?
they committed to showing experiments, and gave money to scientist to driver medical knowledge forward
what did versalius believe about the body?
jawbone was one piece
no holes in septum
breastbone has 3 parts
liver has no lobes
what did galen believe about the body?
jawbone had 2 parts
hole in heart to transport blood
breastbone had 7 parts
liver has 5 lobes
who was versalius?
medical megastar
found out about atanomy
what did the church teach on supernatural thins in the middle ages?
galens ideas
4 humours
herbal remedies
what did middle ages government think about public health?
wasn’t their responsibility
didn’t take much care in fixing it
what were negative aspects of middle age public health?
water had bad taste
water was contaminated
waste attracted vermin
no clean water access in public places
what positive aspects of public health in the middle ages?
high standard cleanliness separate toilets water supply to housing fresh water supply stewes to keep water clean
what did people in medieval times believe caused disease?
miasma
imbalance of the 4 humours
punishments from gods
what impact did the church have on training doctors?
doctors trained by books kept by the church
a lot of medical libraries in hospitals
what was the printing process?
drawings on fabric of the human body, showed in detail how it worked
what treatments were used in the middle ages?
urine charts astrology village healers herbal remedies hospitals were built
what impact did rome have on middle age public health?
funded water works
encouraged galens findings
left medical knowledge
middle ages impacts on medical treatment?
lack of interest
war bought back useful medical knowledge
why is galen important?
for over 1500 years his studies led to doctors to carry out disections and it allowed people to find cured and more about disease and illness
who was galen?
doctor of thr roman emperor
studies illness and wrote down symptoms for certain illnesses
carried out disections #found out about 4 humours
what did romans do to try and prevent illness?
temples to take patient to pray to gosds for forgivness which wre away from bad ar and waste
what are the 4 humours?
phlegm
black bile
yellow bile
blood
what did the collapse of the roman empire lead too?
public health systems were destroyed
books were dismantled
didn’t educate about galen
what did romans do to prevent eperdermics in overcrowded streets?
public toilets
sewages
fresh water systems
aquaducts
