History: Germany in transition Flashcards
what was the treaty of versailles?
G.A.R.G.L.E- formally end ww1
-Guilt: germany accepted full blame for ww1
-Army:Germany could only have 100,000 men in the army, no submarines, no aeroplanes and 6 battleships
-reparations: £6,600 million (191.7 billion now)
-German land- Alsace lorraine to france, Germany kept rhineland but had to stay demilitarised, german colonies spit into 3
-leave of nations:set up
-Extra points:banned from union with Austria
Diktat, Dolchtoss and November criminals meaning?
Diktat:something forced upon a country by those in power without consent of people
Dolchtoss:”stab in the back” by government towards german army
November criminals: Name given to the politicians who signed treaty of versailles
who had the first and second most power in the constitution?
1.president
2.chancellor
article 48?
president can pass any law without support of reichstag if in an emergency.
Reichsrat?
could approve of laws proposed by the chancellor
reichstag?
More important than the reichsrat, could make laws and chancellor had to have support by the majority of the members (647 members in reichstag)
chancellor?
head of government who chose ministers and responsible for running of the country.
president?
elected every 7 years and chose chancellor.
what were the political changes in the golden era?
-greater political stability
-social democrats always won most seats
-von hindemburg elected as president
-nazis lost seats; germany becoming better
25 point programme?
3 points of it?
the parties key ideas
- The scrapping of the treaty of versailles
- all non-germans who entered country after 1914 had to leave
3.the right to vote in elections to only be allowed by german citizens
what happened during the rhur crisis?
the French and Belgian armies sent 60,000 soldiers into the Ruhr region of Germany
what did hitler do when he gained power?
-earned the title of leader
- organised a protection squad called the gymnastic and sports section, or SA (nickname-brown shirts)
what people joined the SA?
and why?
tough, able-bodied men who had experience in the military and often people who had fears of communists or felt failed by the november criminals.
what were the SA responsible for?
The safety of high ranking party members in the nazi party, They also maintained order at party meetings and rallies whilst breaking up meeting at opposition groups.
who was the leader of the SA?
Ernst Rohm
reasons for the munich pustch?
1.economic + political crisis hitting germany
2.hitler believed people did not like the weimar republic
3. hitler impressed by the seizure of power by mussolini
4.SA had grown in strength and power
how did the nazi party benefit from the depression?
1.many thought hitler was the only one trying to help germany
2.Reichstag was used less and less
3. unemployment was over 6 million
who was joseph gobbels?
Head of nazi propaganda, using many ways to spread the nazi message e.g. newspapers, radios and blaming all of germany’s problems on jews (scapegoating)
what happened in “the backstairs intrigue”?
1-hindenburg sacks chancellor bruning and appoints his friend von papen (he didn’t have enough popularity leading to another election)
- Nazis win 230 seats. Hitler demand to become chancellor but hindenburg refuses and lest papen carry on.
- nazis lose 34 seats due to SA violence putting people off. Nazis still the largest party.
- Hindenburg replaces von papen. Papen gets revenge by making a deal with Hitler (papen could convince hindenburg for hitler to become chancellor of hitler would make him vice chancellor.
- Hindenburg desperate to appoint a chancellor who has reichstag support chooses Hitler as chancellor as papen convinces him. Papen becomes vice.
how did hindenburg feel towards hitler?
Hindenburg despised him calling him a “jumped up bohemian corporal” and giving him the role of chancellor as a last resort.
what was the enabling act?
gave hitler the power to pass laws without the permission of the reichstag
what happened after the night of the long knives?
-hitler gained more control over the army
-army swore allegiance to hitler having combined the roles of president and chancellor (fuher)
-seeked approval for german people 90% agreeing with the new role
what happened during the Berlin olympics?
1.Germany created an illusion of a peaceful and tolerant nation
2.nazis gave the impression that everything had been fixed in germany
3.all camera crews had to be approved and all shots supervised
4.signs declaring “jews not wanted” were removed
religion in nazi Germany?
1.hitler wanted his nazi ideas to become the new religion
2. 2/3 protestant, 1/3 catholic
3. agreement with pope that if he leaves schools and churches alone the church will leave germany alone
4.catholic schools controlled by hitler; crucifix removed and pictures of him replaced
5. he set up a german/protestant church (reich church) , nazi flags placed in these churches
what happened after the munich pustch?
Hitler sent to landenburg prison where he wrote me in khanf (my struggle)
what happened in the lacarno pact?
Germany guaranteeing their borders with france and belgium.
Great depression in germany:
Germany was in the middle of the great depression when hitler was selected as chancellor, unemployment sat at 6 million , he had gotten it down to 35,000 and officially there was no unemployment.
national labour service corps
-scheme to provide young men with manual labour jobs
- compulsory for all men 18-20 to serve in RAD for 6 months-extended to women
-practised drill and wore uniform, preparing for war r.g against poland
job creation schemes
introduced a massive road building programme to provide germany with 7000km of autobans—> more employment to build roads and more gas stations etc
invisible employment
- jews dismissed from their jobs
- unmarried men under 25 not considered unemployed
3.women dismissed from jobs for more men
volksgemeinschaft ( people’s community)
-idea that the nazis helped the people so they should do the same back
- wanted to mind wash people
-volkswagen scheme —> workers pay into a scheme, 5 marks a week for 2 years and would receive a car
woman in weimar germany
- women 20+ had the right to vote
- women entered new professions that were closed to them
- 10% of reichstag we’re female
- women drank and smoked
education for women ?
10+ young girls league
14+ germans girl league
taught hygiene, diet, race science in order to have more children and be a good wife
taught how to be a good wife; KKK meaning children cooking church
marriage for women?
-encouraged to marry pure german men and jews were forbidden
-divorce was possible if a man+women couldn’t have children—> seen as useless
-women forced to give up jobs if married
what was the breeding programme for women?
1.paid by government to have kids
2.nazis believed women had one purpose, to have kids
3. the motherhood cross e.g. “gold cross” for having 8+ kids and given a seat at nazi meetings and didn’t have a say
4. contraception and abortion banned
what were german women expected to look like?
-no makeup, no dyed hair, no perms
-only flat shoes, no trousers allowed
-no slimming diet as it was unhealthy and would upset child bearing
-no smoking, seen as ungerman
-long hair in a bun, plait, or down
-encouraged to keep fit and healthy
what was the future of the third reich?
Hitler controlled: textbooks, lessons, teachers and curriculum
Textbooks: rewritten to fit nazi views+ racial purity
lessons: began and ended with students saluting saying “heil hitler”, maths problems dealt with social issues, history lessons students taught about evils of communism
teachers: swore an oath of loyalty to hitler and had to join nazi teachers league, had to promote nazi ideals in class (dismissed if not)
curriculum: boys=prep for military
girls=good housewife/mother
children tight how to measure skulls + to classify racial types
what had you be able to do in the league of german maidens?
run 60m in 14s, throw a ball 12m, march for 2hours and swim a 100m, select the correct partner, be healthy and train for motherhood
what was “the glorious third reich”?
- idea of the creation of a pure aryah society
- wanted the “master race” to overcome the “sub human” race
3.master race= tall, lean, athletic, blonde and blue eyed.
sub-race= slavic/jewish
4.master race could only survive if sub human race were removed
why were the jewish community persecuted?
-stood out as different in religions across europe and had different customs
-some christian’s blamed the jews for the execution of christ and argued jews should be punished forever
-hitler spent several year in vienna which had a long tradition of anti-semitism
- used jews as scapegoats for germany’s problems (blaming them for germanys defeat in ww1, hyperinflation and the GD)
-Hitler determined to create a pure racial state
what were the nuremburg laws?
3 clear distinctions of what it meant to be german:
- Deutschblutiger= german blood
2.mischling= mixed race ( married to a german, or followed the jewish religion, they’re kids would be considered german)
3.jude= jewish
what happened on the night of broken class?
-a young polish jew shot the first official he came across in paris due to the poor treatment of his parents who has been deported to Poland.
-goebbles saw this as an opportunity to gain favour with hitler running every newspaper saying the violent attack
-speech goes across germany radios stating jewish need to be dealt with
-nazis tell SA to attack synagogues, jewish businesses and homes
- SA dressed up as normal people and attacked jews
-half a years glass production smashed with 30,000 jews sent to concentration camps
-blamed jews for the destruction
-jews fined 1billion marks
