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iGCSE Revision > History - Germany > Flashcards

History - Germany Flashcards

1
Q

What were the effects of the German revolution and the abdication of the Kaiser on Germany?

A

The Kaiser abdicated on the 9 Nov 1918, due to mutinies.

  • Left Germany in a state of political disarray, with a rise in extremist views during the war, and unsupportive leaders and judges. The departure of the Kaiser left inexperienced parties running the country which would result in political challenges from the left and right.
  • Lead to a rise in reactionary monarchists. The fragile, democratic PR system appeared weak to many Germans, and missed the firm rule of the Kaiser. In the longer term, this memory of the Kaiser’s rule held appeal to Germans in 1929 a time of economic chaos, and caused the election of a strongman leader.
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2
Q

What were the effects of the new Weimar constitution?

A
  • It created major political instability - 40 parties one the Reichstag by 1930. Coalitions were weak and ineffective and frequently broke down. Meant the government struggled to deal with social and economic challenges in the early years.
  • It ultimately would Germany to become a dictatorship. Article 48 which allowed the chancellor to rule by decree. This meant Hitler could pass the Enabling Act in March 1933, which allowed the Nazis to develop the dictatorship without checks or balances.
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3
Q

How what was the new Weimar Republic organised? What were its advantages?

A

There were two houses, the Riechstag and Riechsrat. All Germans over 20 could vote in elections, and the system was very democratic.

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4
Q

What were two effects of the Treaty of Versailles ?

A
  • The major economic damage to the German economy. 6.6 billion pounds in reparations, loss of 50% of iron reserves as well as coal made it harder to pay reparations. Following the invasion of the Ruhr in 1923, this economic pressure lead to the government printing money and hyperinflation. Forced millions of Germans into poverty.
  • The resentment it created towards the Weimar government. Article 231 and the reduced army was humiliating. The diktat meant citizens felt ‘stabbed in the back’ by the new government, and this lead to political challenges from the left and right.
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5
Q

What was the Kapp Putsch?

A
  • Nationalist Dr Wolfgang Kapp attempted to install a right wing autocracy with two Freikorps units in March 1920. It failed after Ebert called for strikes.
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6
Q

What was the Spartacisit Uprising?

A
  • 5 January 1919, lead by by Luxemburg and Liebknect. Occupied government buildings and started a strike. The Weimar Republic could not stop them without the paramilitary Freikorps.
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7
Q

What were the effects of the Spartacist Uprising?

A

political problems

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8
Q

What were the effects of the Kapp Putsch?

A

-

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9
Q

What was the French occupation of the Ruhr?

A

France occupied the Ruhr in January 1923, the centre of Germany’s iron and coal production, because of missed reparations payments. Workers in the Ruhr were encouraged to carry out passive resistance by the government.

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10
Q

What was the economic effect of the French occupation of the Ruhr?

A
  • Occupation increased debt and unemployment. 80% of iron and coal was in the Ruhr, and the government provided strike pay for passive resistance making it harder to pay back reparations. This economic pressure lead to the government printing money and hyperinflation. Ultimately forced millions of Germans into poverty.
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11
Q

What was the political effect of the French occupation of the Ruhr?

A

-

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12
Q

What were the causes of hyperinflation?

A

-

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13
Q

What was the political effect of hyperinflation?

A

-

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14
Q

What was the economic effect of hyperinflation?

A

-

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15
Q

What were the effects of the Dawes Plan?

A

-

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16
Q

What was the Young Plan?

A

-

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17
Q

What were the effects of the Young Plan?

A

-

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18
Q

What were the effects of Streseman’s economic policy?

A

-

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19
Q

What were the effects Streseman’s foreign policy?

A

-

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20
Q

How did Streseman solve hyperinflation and the French in the Ruhr?

A

-

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21
Q

In what ways had Germany recovered in the Golden Age?

A

-

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22
Q

What problems did the Weimar Republic still have in 1928?

A

-

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23
Q

How did Hitler change the Party after 1920?

A

Adopted the populist 25 point programme, e.g. end Treaty of Versailles, expand lebensraum, care for elderly - attractive wide base for support. Purchased the Volkischer Beobachter and attracted people with his oratory

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24
Q

What caused the Munich Putsch November 1923?

A
  • Hitler believed the public would quickly support a strong authoritarian Mussolini-style regime, in a time of social and economic chaos. Opinion of the Weimar Republic at a low, with rising support for Nationalists. The invasion of the Ruhr reignited the ‘stabbed in the back’ myth, and the economic chaos meant many Germans saw the Republic as weak and powerless. Hitler thought the poverty and unemployment in the Nightmare Year would turn people to political extremes.
  • A putsch became militarily feasible in 1923. The NSDAP had 20000 supporters, the paramilitary SA, and Bavarian leaders like von Kahr were hostile to the Weimar government. Hitler believed General Ludendorff could persuade the army to support the Nazis.
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25
Q

What were the events of the Munich Putsch?

A

On 8 Nov 1923 Hitler and SA stormed a beer hall. Ludendorff sought to become Germany’s leader. The SA threatened Bavarian leaders, and army leader and PM von Lossow and von Kahr pledged support. The next day Lossow and Kahr renounced supported the army then crushed the Putsch. Hitler was arrested a few days later.

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26
Q

What were the effects of the Munich Putsch?

A
  • It gave the Nazi Party’s ideas great publicity. Hitler used the trial to give populist, anti-Weimar speeches, spread his ideas for Germany with through the trials press coverage. News Hitler was seen as a nationalist standing up for German rights, and deaths of 14 Nazis proved effective propaganda. Hitler’s imprisonment let him write Mein Kampf (bestseller). In a time of social and economic chaos, many Germans quickly turned to these political extremes.
  • Made Hitler realise power had to be gained through legal and constitutional means. Following his release from prison Hitler set about making the party appeal to voters. They established organisations like the women’s league to target specific groups, especially the farmer demographic. Rally’s were held across the country, members trained to be effective public speakers. Was successful, lead to dictatorship.
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27
Q

How was the Nazi Party reorganised between 1924-28?

A
  • They established organisations like the women’s league to target specific groups, especially the farmer demographic. SS and 400,000 SA by 1930 showed strength. Goebbels emphasised the popular anti-Jewish message in propaganda.
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28
Q

What were the effects of the reorganisation of the Nazi Party?

A

-

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29
Q

What were the political impacts of the Great Depression?

A

-

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30
Q

What were the social effects of the Great Depression?

A

-

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31
Q

How did the Great Depression help the Nazis?

A

-

- Image of strength

32
Q

What image did the Nazi Party create and how did appeal to Germans from 1919-1933?

A
  • clumsy, erratic, powerful magnetic attraction for germans,
33
Q

How did propaganda help the Nazi’s win support?

A

-

-

34
Q

What were the impacts of the SA?

A
  • They present an image of strength and discipline which appealed to the German people in a time of political and economic chaos. 400,000 SA by 1932, they often appeared at rallies
  • The SA beat up
35
Q

How did political manoeuvring lead to Hitler becoming Chancellor?

A

-

36
Q

What were the election results and why?

A
  • 1928

- 1933

37
Q

How did the Reichstag Fire help the Nazi Party?

A
  • Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to pass the Reichstag Fire decree, on 28 Feb 1933. Nullified civil liberties of Germans, including freedom of assembly, and gave the police the power to search homes and arrest without trial. It allowed the Nazis to close newspapers ‘unfriendly’ to the Nazi party, and was one of the key steps towards a one party state.
  • A successful election making the Nazis the largest party in the Reichstag. Huge propaganda campaigns claimed the fire was proof of a communist threat, and the Nazis could stop it. The election was 6 days after the fire, the strong Nazi rhetoric seemed to have resonated with a shocked German electorate. Coupled with SA interference, the fire resulted in a 96 seat swing for the Nazis, thought this was still 6 short of majority.
38
Q

How did the Enabling Act help the Nazi Party?

A
  • Hitler was able to eliminate opposition at local government level and in trade unions. The Nazis shut down and reorganised state parliaments so each had a Nazi majority. In January 1934 Hitler then abolished state parliaments completely. In May 1933 trade unions closed, as they had communist sympathies, and workers were forced to join the DAF.
  • Hitler was then able to remove all other political opposition, by suspending political parties. The SDP and KDP were suspended, then in July in 1933 a law banning all parties except the Nazis was passed. The Enabling Act allowed Hitler to cement his power and destroy all potential threats so Germany was a one-party state.
39
Q

How did the Night of the Long Knives help the Nazi Party?

A

-
- Cemented political power. SA had 2 million in 1934 and was too powerful, loyal to Rohm caused 100, 000 to support Hitler

40
Q

What was the police state?

A
  • 30,000 Gestapo, informants, 200,000 imprisoned for showing opposition
41
Q

How successful was the police state?

A
  • 30,000 gestapo
    law of malicious gossip.
  • no major uprisings.
42
Q

What was censored in Nazi Germany?

A
  • Newspapers, journalist had to be members of reich press chamber, radio strictly controlled, could not have foreinn broadcasts, millions of university books burned
43
Q

How successful was censorship?

A

-

44
Q

What were the Nazi’s main methods of control?

A

fear, police
censorship, propaganda
indoctrination in the education system.

45
Q

Was Nazi propaganda successful as a method of control?

A
  • 70 % of houses had a radio broadcast NAzi messages. State controlled newspaper.. Huge Nuremburg rallies strength, glory . Arts pro nazi, escapist film.
  • Berlin olympics showed nazi superiority
46
Q

What were the Nazis’ education policies?

A
  • School curricula emphasised Nazi ideas. Domestic science for girls. PE for soldiers, healthy mothers. Race studies, indoctrination.
47
Q

What were the impacts of the Nazis education policies?

A
  • 2 each time
48
Q

What were the impacts of the Nazis’ policies towards women?

A
  • An increased birthrate. As the birthrate was falling, the Nazis: awarded medals to women with the largest families, criminalised contraception, and set up Lebensborn provided loans for Aryan couples with an SS man. This lead to to a 30% increase of births from 1933-36
  • Nazi policy did not just effect birthrates. Women returned to traditional roles of with propaganda encouraging Kinder Kirche Kuche. Smoking and drinking in public would have women banned Nazi association NSBO. Women were expected to wear traditional dress, assume domestic roles. However, despite the Nazis’ traditional attitudes towards women, female employment increased 50% from 1933-39 as the rearmament needed workers.
49
Q

What were the Nazis’ policies towards the young?

A
  • Hitler Youth: 7.3 million members by 1939. Prepared boys for military service, through camping, fitness training.
  • League of German Girls: Girls joined at 14.
    Emphasis on physical training for boys and girls. Importantly taught to rebel against parents, indoctrinated to support the Nazis.
50
Q

What were the impacts of the Nazis’ policies towards the young?

A
  • Indoctrination

-

51
Q

What were the impacts of the Nazis’ policies towards the Church?

A
  • Nazi policies strongly censored and controlled the ideas preached in Churches This resulted in strong retaliation against religious leaders who spoke against Nazi beliefs. 18 pastors lost their jobs for not declaring support for Nazi views. Bonhoeffer’s Confessional Church objected to Nazi interference in religion, and hundreds of Protestant clergy sent to concentrations camps. Bonhoeffer hanged.
  • The effective reduction of the Church’s role in society. Nazis cut state funding for the Church, and membership of the Catholic League became illegal, so young people could join the Hitler youth instead. Goebbels also introduced propaganda campaigns against the Church. The Nazis tactful handling of peoples religious beliefs with such policies managed to largely remove the influence of the Church on peoples political beliefs, by 1939 only 5% described themselves as god-believers.
52
Q

What were the Nazis’ policies to reduce unemployment?

A
  • Doubled investment in infrastructure, building autobahns and the Olympic Stadium, creating jobs for construction workers.
  • Spending on rearmament increased to 17 million in 1937. Created jobs in arms factories and related industry.
  • Economic plans like Dr Schact’s ‘New Plan’ involved trade agreements to guarantee raw materials, and projects. Boosted the economy, reducing unemployment to half a million by 1939.
  • Goering’s ‘Four Year Plan aimed to create autarky, involving propaganda campaigns and searches for substitute materials. Had limited success, but increased employment.
53
Q

What were the impacts of the Nazis’ policies to reduce unemployment?

A
  • ## success - unemployment reduced to half a million by 1939 through…
54
Q

What were the Nazi’s racial policies?

A
  • Propaganda, Sterilisation Law 1933: stopped people with hereditary disease from reproducing, Concentration Camps 1934: used to keep undesirables away from the public, and Euthanasia 1939: secretly exterminating the mentally handicapped.
55
Q

How did the Nazis’ persecute Jews?

A
  • Boycotts starting in 1933.
    Krystallnacht in 1938, Jews attacked arrested by SS. 30,000 arrested. Newspapers encouraged revenge without consequence. 200,000 sent to concentration.
56
Q

What were the impacts of the Nazi’s racial

A

-

57
Q

What was the Labour Service?

A

-The National Labour Service reduced unemployment by providing compulsory work for men. They were organised in camps and did millitary drills as they repaired buildings and built autobahns.

58
Q

What were the impacts of the Labour Service?

A

-

59
Q

What was the Labour Front?

A
  • Dr Robert Ley, replaced trade unions, The German Labour Front increased the productivity of Germany, helping both workers and employers. Workers were protected from exploitation, but could not strike, leave their jobs, or bargain for higher wages. This prevented rebellion from workers.
60
Q

What were the impacts of the Labour Front?

A

minor

61
Q

What was Strength Through Joy?

A
  • Leisure activities for the hardest workers. , theatre sports etc.
62
Q

What were the impacts of Strength Through Joy?

A

-

63
Q

What were the impacts of the ghettos?

A
  • The terrible conditions which the Jews were forced to live under. Crowded, poor sewage systems, diseases like typhus were rampant. Very limited food, starvation was common. From 1941-42, 4000 Jews died each month on average.
  • The The capture of millions of Jews in the Soviet Union increases the Jewish population in Eastern Europe to 8 million
64
Q

What were the impacts of death squads?

A
  • The killing of thousands of Jews and gypsies in the Soviet Union. Einsatzgruppen units followed the German army and murdered over 1.3 million civilians by 1943
65
Q

What was the impact of the Final Solution?

A
  • 6 million jews, killed in extermination camps like treblinka and sobibor.
  • uprisings, in april 1943, 7000 shot, 56000 arrested at the warsaw ghetto.
66
Q

What was the Allied bombing?

A
  • In spring 1943, 43 German cities were bombed by the RAF.
  • In Hamburg 42,600 were killed and 1 million forced to flee.
  • ## Mostly minor impact on industrial production (only decreased by 1%), except for a raid on the Ruhr decreased metal production by 40%.
67
Q

What were the effects of the Allied bombing?

A
  • The extreme loss of German life . The RAF began targeting civilian areas instead of industrial targets in an attempts to destroy morale. 410,000 killed in total, with 13,500 being killed each month from 1944-35 on average. 1 million forced to flee Hamburg. By the end of the war 4 million were in emergency lodgings in West Germany alone. It is clear the Allied bombing devastated the lives millions of Germans.
  • The drop in German morale. Allies aimed to undermine the foundations of the Nazi regime, and hoped the civil devastation would result in uprisings against Hitler. Studies show major drop in popularity for the Nazis, 1944-45. However, no major uprisings took place, and people continued their work. Culture of fear
68
Q

What were the impacts of ‘total war’ (everything going towards the war effort)?

A
  • Had a major impact on the lives of German workers. In August 1944 workers holidays were banned, and a 60 hour working week introduced. Small businesses not essential to the war effort closed. From 1943 all men 16-65 had to register to be available for work.
  • Women were made to join to the workforce. In the 1930s women had returned to traditional roles of with propaganda encouraging Kinder Kirche Kuche. In 1943, many women left these domestic roles to aid the war effort. Women aged 17-45 were registered as available to work, although many exceptions were made as Hitler didn’t approve married women working. By mid 1943, half a million extra women were working.
69
Q

What were the effects of rationing?

A
  • ## Ration cuts in 1942 lead
70
Q

Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?

A

A group of anti-Nazi young people. They were never a threat to the Nazis but did steal food and supplies, helped escaped prisoners and helped supply adult resistance groups.

71
Q

What was the White Rose Group?

A
  • Hans and Sophie Scholl lead a group at Munich University. They criticised the treatment of Jews and Slavs in the war in leaflets, and painted anti-Nazi messages on buildings. The Scholls were caught and executed.
72
Q

What were the effects of the growth in opposition to Hitler?

A
  • Most important absenteeism
73
Q

Describe two effects of the war on the role of women.

A
  • ## Women were made to join to the workforce. In the 1930s women had returned to traditional roles of with propaganda encouraging Kinder Kirche Kuche. In 1943, many women left these domestic roles to aid the war effort. Women aged 17-45 were registered as available to work, although many exceptions were made as Hitler didn’t approve married women working. By mid 1943, half a million extra women were working.
74
Q

What was the July Bomb Plot?

A
  • 20 July 1944, von Stauffenberg attempted to bomb Hitler with a briefcase, as Germany was losing the war. It failed and 7000 were arrested and 6000 executed as a result. Some hung with piano wire. (strong reaction).
75
Q

How did the Third Reich end?

A
  • Allied forces were much stronger, and the Soviets were advancing from the east. The Allies increased coming on German cities. Hitler committed suicide and Germany surrendered on 7 May 1945.

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