History: From 30 Years' War to First World War (1618-1914)

Question 1

What was the 30 Years’ War

Name 4 facts

Answer 1

• 1618-48
• Initial Cause: Started as a religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire between Protestant and Catholic states.
• Expansion: Evolved into a broader political and territorial struggle involving most European powers.
• Ended with the Peace of Westphalia

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Question 2

What impact did the Peace of Westphalia have on the nature of states?

Answer 2

Move away from empires/principalities to countries, with respected boundaries

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Question 3

What are the 3 principles of “sovereignty”?

Answer 3

• Acceptance of borders of other countries
• Don’t interfere in other countries’ events
• Governments have a free hand in their own countries

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Question 4

The Treaty of Westphalia brought peace to Europe until what happened?

Answer 4

The Napoleonic Wars

(1803-1815)

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Question 5

Describe Napolean’s European conquests

Answer 5

• Following French revolution
• Military victories gave him control over much of Europe
• Became over-extended - too many wars on too many fronts
• Defeated by coalition (Austria, Prussia, Russia, United Kingdom)

Question 6

Draw a map of Western Europe

Answer 6

See map

Question 7

When was Napolean’s coup to take power from the Directory?

Answer 7

1799

Question 8

When did Napolean declare himself emperor of France?

Answer 8

1804

Question 9

When was the Battle of Trafalgar?

Answer 9

1805

Question 10

Who won the Battle of Trafalgar?

Answer 10

Lord Horatio Nelson

Question 11

Who was the Battle of Trafalgar between?

Answer 11

British Royal Navy vs. French and Spanish Navies

Question 12

When was the Battle of Waterloo?

Answer 12

1815

Question 13

Who was the Battle of Waterloo between?

Answer 13

France vs. British and Prussian Armies

Question 14

Who was the Duke of Wellington?

Answer 14

Arthur Wellesley

Question 15

Where was Napolean exiled to?

Answer 15

• Elba (1814)
• St Helena (1815)

Question 16

How long was Napolean’s last rule of France for?

Answer 16

100 days (technically 93 days)

Question 17

When were the Napoleonic Wars?

Answer 17

1803-15

Question 18

Until when did the Treaty of Westphalia last (provide safety)?

Answer 18

Until the Napoleonic Wars

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Question 19

What was the Congress of Vienna?

Answer 19

• 1814-15
• Victors and vanquished came together (minus Napoleon)
• Settlement to prevent France from threatening its neighbours
• Make it difficult for revolutionary movements to overthrow governments

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Question 20

What did the Congress of Vienna create?

(give a phrase)

Answer 20

Concert of Vienna

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Question 21

Who unified Germany in 1871?

Answer 21

Otto von Bismarck

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Question 22

What was China’s Century of Humiliation?

Answer 22

• 1849-1949
• Internal turmoil
• External aggression (e.g. Opium Wars)
• Series of defeats and concessions to foreign powers

Question 23

What were the Opium Wars?

Answer 23

• First Opium War (1839-1842): Triggered by China’s crackdown on British opium trade, ending in China’s defeat and loss of Hong Kong to Britain.
• Second Opium War (1856-1860): Fought by Britain and France against China over trade disputes, resulting in expanded foreign trade rights in China.
• Overall Impact: Led to significant foreign influence in China, marked the start of China’s “Century of Humiliation.”

Question 24

Which Chinese dynasty collapsed during the Century of Humiliation?

Answer 24

Qing Dynasty

Question 25

Which company exported opium to China?

Answer 25

British East India Company

Question 26

Who founded the People's Republic of China in 1949?

Answer 26

Mao Zedong

Question 27

What is the argument for a strong government in China?

Answer 27

China’s current government argues that * a China in internal disarray invites aggression from foreign powers * and that only a strong central government can hold China together ## Footnote p8

Question 28

Who led the charge against Japan to open up its markets in 1853?

Answer 28

United States ## Footnote p8

Question 29

What triggered the political change in Japan in the late 1800's?

Answer 29

Being forced to make humiliating economic and legal conecssions to outsiders ## Footnote p8

Question 30

Who takes over from the shogun in 1868 Japan ?

Answer 30

emperor Meiji ## Footnote p8

Question 31

Over which countries did Japan exert control in the late 1800s, as part of its imperial plan?

Answer 31

* Korea * Taiwan * China ## Footnote p10

Question 32

When did the USA declare independence?

Answer 32

1776 ## Footnote p8

Question 33

When was the Civil War in the US?

Answer 33

1861-65

Question 34

What was the US's Reconstruction period?

Answer 34

* Following Civil War (1865-77) * Rebuilding South and integrating freed slaves

Question 35

What was America's Gilded Age?

Answer 35

The Gilded Age (1870s-1900) was a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization in the United States, marked by stark contrasts between wealth and poverty, and significant social and political challenges.

Question 36

What was the Progressive Era in the US?

Answer 36

Progressive Era (1890s-1920s): Reforms addressing industrialization's social problems, women's suffrage, and the beginning of U.S. global involvement.

Question 37

Who were the two dominant players in Europe at the turn of the 20th century?

Answer 37

Germany and then Britain ## Footnote p10

Question 38

Who were the weak players at the turn of the 20th century? | Name 3

Answer 38

Fading empires... * Ottoman Empire * Russia * Austria-Hungary ## Footnote p11

Question 39

How can WW1 be understood, macro-picture?

Answer 39

* Interplay between rising and declining powers * Competition among the former as to who would prevail in the coming era ## Footnote p11

Question 40

What are the Baltic States?

Answer 40

Estonia Latvia Lithuania | "Little Latte Stoned"

Question 41

Name the countries of Eastern Europe | Ten of them

Answer 41

* Russia (European part) * Poland * Czech Republic * Slovakia * Hungary * Romania * Bulgaria * Belarus * Ukraine * Moldova

Question 42

What triggered WW1?

Answer 42

Assissination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian-backed terrorist ## Footnote p11

Question 43

What are the countries of the Balkans? | Name 11

Answer 43

* Albania * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria * Croatia * Greece * Kosovo * Montenegro * North Macedonia * Romania * Serbia * Slovenia (often included due to cultural and historical ties, though geographically it's more in Central Europe)