History Final Review Terms Flashcards
Bill of Rights
What- first ten amendments in the constitution. The amendments, Mercy Otis
Impact- Gave Americans rights, freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, petition, provided foundation for the US gov.
Houses of Congress
What- House of Representatives, Senate
Impact- caused a lot of fights since there was one for the power (bicameral, unicameral), voting (electoral college, HOR+Senate).
3 Branches of Gov.
What- Legislative, Executive, Judicial
Impact- This was created during the CC when a question arose about the division of power between state and federal. They created checks and balances and gave each branch a specific job
Articles of Confederation
What- First attempted constitution
Impact-It caused many issues to arise such as Shay’s rebellion
Shays Rebellion
What- The debt crisis, rebelled, rebellion because of money,(farmers, commoners)
Impact- Let the people realize that the Articles of Confederation were not good
Constitutional Convention
What- A meeting, secret, to write a new constitution, cancel the articles of confederation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Impact- It was the formation of the constitution along with the formation of the 3 branches of Gov. and bill of rights.
Federalists
What- Supported Constitution, better off in life
Impact- They supported the constitution (John Adams, Hamilton, John Jay, GW, Benjamin Franklin), made the federalist papers (stronger federal gov, constitution). Thought a stronger fed gov would in result help states.
Anti-Federalists
What- Disagreed with Constitution, mostly farmers, poor, state power, Patrick Henry, George Mason
Impact- They were able to get a bill of rights ratified to protect individuals from the gov abusing its power.
Living Document
What- The Constitution is a living document (can change)
Impact- So the Constitution can always stay accurate and relevant.
Electoral vs. Popular Vote
What- Electoral vote is an electoral college which is each state granted a specific number of electors and would go off the majority rule in the state. The popular vote is just majority rule.
Impact- This made the voting system much more fair for everyone. Electoral college was created to help decide on president and vice.
Federalism
What-division and sharing of power between the national and state governments.
Impact- A key concept that was in the constitution. Sparked debates about the equal distribution of power between states and the federal government.
Checks and Balances
What- In the 3 branches of government, it kept each branch from being more powerful than the other. President can veto laws, Congress can check veto (2/3 vote), Supreme court checks if it is constitutional
Impact- This kept the equal power between the branches since people argued how some branches such as the legislative was having too much power.
Judicial Review
What-Supreme Court, courts are vested with the authority to determine the legitimacy of the acts of the executive and the legislative branches of government
Impact- It allows the supreme court to have a big role in making sure other branches abide by the constitution.
Veto
What- president, executive, to reject something like a law
Impact- Power that is given to the president in the executive branch to refuse a bill or law.
Impeachment
What-process of bringing charges against a government official for wrongdoing. A trial may be held, and the official may be removed from office.
Impact- Checks and Balances, gives Congress the power to charge and try a gov official of their wrongdoing (Treason, Bribery, etc)
Bicameral
What- 2 body legislature, HOR and Senate
Impact- This was part of the Virginia Plan proposed by James Madison. This was significant since it was proposed to help big states. Also helped during the great compromise (creation of HOR and Senate)
Dual Sovereignty
What- two sovereignty(states) can pursue the same crime case when the crime committed affected both.
Impact- gave states the ability to pursue same crime if it was affected.
James Madison
What-4th President, Father of the Constitution, helped write federalist papers (with Alexander Hamilton, John Jay), Virginia Plan (bicameral) (HOR for big states and Senate for small states but Roger Sherman proposed the compromise)
Impact-The only reason we know what happened at the Constitutional Convention was because he took careful notes on everything that happened there.
George Washington
What- first US president, leadership in CC, president of CC
Impact- He was a leader in CC and president, good leadership and guidance.
William Patterson
What- New Jersey Plan (One house legislature) (unicameral)(for small states)
Impact- Proposed New Jersey Plan, signed constitution, a founding father.
Roger Sherman
What-The Great Compromise(created to solve the fight over the legislative branch), from Connecticut
Impact- HOR(Virginia Plan) + Senate(New Jersey Plan)
Double Jeopardy
What- part of the 5th amendment, it is so a person cannot be tried for the same exact crime twice.
Impact- Gave people the right to not be tried a second time for the same exact crime.
Manifest Destiny
What-American progress, John Gast,
“Divine Right”- to settle the land and make it our own(spread Americanism because god)
Impact-Encouraged people to move west, Polk, used as pretext for US to acquire land (Oregon Country, Mexico, Texas, California).
Land Acquisition (make web and read notebook, map)
What- Growth of US
Impact- Manifest Destiny, Florida, Texas, Oregon, more trade, resources, Native American conflicts.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
What- End of Mexican American War
Impact- Ends War, gives up Texas in the Mexican Cession, pays Mexico 15 mil, Gets the disputed land
Mormons
What- religious group, part of the land acquisition, Joseph Smith Jr, Brigham Young, Salt Lake City, Utah
Impact- founded salt lake city, established many communities as they traveled (Ohio, Missouri, Eastern Iowa)(over 400 communities in intermountain west from Canada to Mexico).
Missionaries
What- They went to spread religion (Christianity) to the west, Indians (natives)
Impact- established many farms, their religious beliefs drove them to move away from the civilization and seek refuge in the west.
49ers
What- California, gold rush, immigration, George
Impact- Transformed California
Mountain Men
What- Hunting and trapping beaver, dangerous, after Louisiana purchase, trade with Indians, St Louis, Andrew Henry, rendezvous,
Impact- Jedidiah Smith, paths in the wilderness, fur trade, discovering the Rockies.
Pioneer Women
What- they did work such as tend to the house, children, sew, cooking
Impact- equality
Mexican Cession (refer to map)
What- Treaty, ceded territory, after Louisiana purchase, Oregon, Texas and Florida. Before Gadsden(purchased from Mexico for 10 mil, only piece of flat land, railroads)
Impact-More land, ended the war, paved way to Gold Rush, dispossession of indigenous people, and Civil War.
Henry Clay
What- Both compromises (Missouri and 1850), senator, speaker of the house, secretary of state
Impact-He proposed both the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. Missouri made it a slave and Maine free since there was debate about the balance between slave and free states. When California wanted to be a state, it became free but the territory from Mexico would be left open for debate. Slave Act.
Industrial Revolution
What- factories, industry, infrastructure, mass production, North advantage, Lowell Mills,
Impact- Gave the North a huge advantage during war with the industry, transportation, technology (think telegraph, railroads)
Cotton Gin (Whitney)
What-Eli Whitney, machine
Impact- made to help slaves working in cotton fields, it mass produced cotton, created problems before the Civil War(slavery)
Steven A Douglass
What- Lincoln’s political rival, found uninhabited land when trying to build a railroad to California
Impact- Kansas Nebraska Act, Popular Sovereignty, Senate race
Frederick Douglas
What- runaway slave, could read and write, abolitionist, North
Impact-He helped recruit African Americans to fight in the war (increasing number of troops, also good fighters).
Francis Cabot Lowell
What- Businessman, Massachusetts
Impact-Lowell Mills (Gave women opportunities to work and earn money. It is significant to the Civil War because it was, along with other factories, able to industrialize the North. The North’s industry was able to help them win the war).
Charles Sumner
What- Senator from Massachusetts(blamed Stephen a Douglas)
Impact-Shocks the audience with his speech by speaking rudely and putting blame on people. Preston Brooks attacks him(south) shows division of the country.
Jefferson Davis
What-Conf. President
Impact-he chose Lee as the Commanding General and that helped the Confederacy win many battles in the War.
James Polk
What-11 U.S president
Impact-manifest destiny, Oregon and Texas(annexed), caused Mexican American War, Manifest Destiny and uniting the US from Ocean to Ocean.
Zachary Taylor
What-12th U.S president
Impact-Polk wanted the disputed territory so he sent Zachary Taylor. Mexican American war.
Lewis and Clark
What-explorers, Sacagawea
Impact-Mapped US
Roger Taney
What-Maryland, Despised slavery, Chief Justice
Impact-Dred Scott Case decision, this decision caused further division between the North and South and the country overall.
Self Incrimination
What-5th amendment, clause, one cannot be compelled to be testified by oneself
Impact-
Missouri Compromise
What-Henry Clay, Missouri would be a slave state and Maine would be a free state.
Impact-The Northerners didn’t like the compromise because the South had threatened to secede if Missouri was not slave. Division of the country.
Compromise of 1850
What-Henry Clay, California would be admitted as a free state and slavery would be left open in other territories won from Mexico, fugitive slave act
Impact-This would escalate to the Kansas Nebraska Act and further divide the nation. Anger in northern states from the slave act.
Fugitive Slave Act
What-strengthened earlier slave act, enforced greater penalties on runaway slaves(marshalls, denied accused fugitives the right to a trial by jury)
Impact-Made the North more against the South and a major part in leading to the Civil War.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
What-Harriet Beecher Stowe, A book showing the cruelty of slavery.
Impact-This significantly changes the mindset of the people in the North. They actually start fighting to end slavery.
1860 Election
What- Republican Party, Abraham Lincoln
Impact-The South saw Lincoln as a threat to slavery as he had too much power and was more viewed as a Northerner who wanted to abolish slavery. Triggered the South to secede.
John Brown
What- Abolitionist, he wanted a slave rebellion, invade federal arsenal, harpers ferry
Impact-He was strongly against slavery and his raid led to the Civil War by creating tensions between the North and the South.
Secession
What-When a state secedes is when they withdraw from the nation
Impact- It led to the formation of the Union and Confederacy and started the war.
Fort Sumter
What-A fort that was built after the war of 1812. It was attacked by the South when Abraham Lincoln and Robert Anderson refused to evacuate the fort
Impact-Beginning of Civil War
Advantages/Disadvantages of both North/South
What- North had technology, greater population, industry, railroads, large cities. South New the land they fought on, good leaders, agriculture.
Impact- The outcome of the battles and the war.
Battle of Bull Run
Who-General Irvin McDowell, P.G.T Beauregard, General Thomas Jackson
What-The first battle that took place in the Civil War. People originally went to watch it to see the Union win.
When-July 21, 1861. Civil War.
Where-South
Why-Both the Union and the Confederacy realized that the war would not be as short as they thought it would be. They originally thought it would be a short war, but it was proved unrealistic.
Battle of Antietam
Who-Robert E. Lee, George McClellan
What- The bloodiest day in American history. Both sides suffered many losses and neither gained anything significant.
When-September 17, 1862, Civil War
Where-North.
Why-This battle ended the Confederates’ idea to invade the North. Also, Lee’s plan to attack Washington D.C was not able to be put in place.
Battle of Vicksburg
Who-Grant, John Pemberton
What- A war that gave the Union complete control over the Mississippi.
When- May 18, 1863 to July 4, 1863. Civil War
Where- the South.
Why-By winning, the Union was able to cut the Confederacy in two. This sealed off the states of Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana from Confederacy. The Union also had complete control over the Mississippi River.
Battle of Gettysburg
Who-Robert E. Lee, George Meade, George Pickett,
What- A battle that lasted 3 days. The South went on the offensive that time, underestimating the Union forces which consequently led to their defeat and the end of the war.
When-July 1 to July 3, 1863
Where-The North
Why-The Army of Northern Virginia suffered way too many losses. Lee lost ⅓ of his entire army in the battle. The battle was able to end any hope of engaging the North again.
Emancipation Proclamation
What-Document that freed slaves
Impact-Freed slaves, Free slaves fought for North
13, 14, 15 Amendment
What-Amendments created after Civil war
Impact-13(ends slavery), 14(equal protection under the law), 15(all MEN can vote no matter the race)
Gettysburg Address
What-It was Abraham Lincoln’s famous speech that honored the men who died in the Battle of Gettysburg and how they will keep fighting until they win.
Impact-The speech motivated the people to not let the soldiers who died in the war die in vain and improve the nation by reuniting the North and the South.
Dred Scott Case
What-Court case. Dred Scott sued his owners and claimed that he should be free since his owners willingly took him from a slave state to a free state.
Impact-Slaves were property and it was against the 5th amendment to prevent any person from going to different states with their property. It was a point with no return since Southerners and Northerners were now completely against each other.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
What-An act for Kansas and Nebraska. They both were going to be states and people from North and South traveled there to make them either free or slave.(because of popular sovereignty)
Impact-Since Stephen A. Douglas said that they would be free or slave by the people’s votes, many from the North and South traveled to those territories in hopes of making it free or slave, resulting in many violent fights. (bleeding Kansas)
Goals of the Civil War (both sides)
What-North for reunification, South for independence
Impact-Soon grew to also the abolition of slavery for the North
Abraham Lincoln
What-United States President
Impact-He saw the potential in railroads, the telegraphs, etc. gave the Gettysburg Address which motivated the people to reunite the nation.
Assimilation
What-to adapt, Indians
Impact-they wanted to wipe out the Indians, forced them to assimilate (adapt to the white culture)
Slander vs. Libel
What-Libel is communicating a defamatory statement by writing or picture, while slander is defamation by oral or spoken communication
Popular Sovereignty
What- Stephen a Douglas, power to the people, a term that means “rule by the people” (people will vote whether the state is free or not)
Impact-Kansas Nebraska, KN Act, North and South fought for both states to be either free or slave. This made the North and South more against each other.
