History - dates, facts, quotes and more Flashcards
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Within hours of the death of the president paul von hindenburg on the 2nd of august 1934, Hitler merged the offices of chancellor and president to become a dictator under the title of Fuhrer. While this was technically illegal, even breaking the enabling act of 1933, there was no opposition to Hitler. The power and support he had gained through his increasing popularity and position of chancellor allowed this to happen with ease.
Key dates: Hitler becoming Fuhrer
19th August 1934
Treaty of Versailles: date and purpose
28th of June 1919 - peace treaty between Germany and the allies to end WWI. Germany had no say in this and had 15 days to sign it
Treaty of Versailles: main terms
- forbidden to unite with Austria (Anschluss)
- not allowed to join League of Nations
- Weimar Republic; democratic rather than a kaiser
- military restrictions; 100,000 men, 6 battleships, no air/submarines
- taking ‘war guilt’: full responsibility
- 6.6 billion pounds of reparations
Treaty of Versailles: German reaction
- “war to end all wars ended in the peace to end all peace”
- “what hit Germans the hardest was the surprise of defeat”
- accepted it in a formal way but really believed it was “wicked, unfair, dictation and a slave treaty.”
- depicted as Germany’s death sentence
Treaty of Versailles: why it’s a cause for Hitler
- Hitler agreed with the reaction and voiced this opinion
- Nazi 25 program; cancel treaty + personal benefits to people
- Used anger to attract people’s attention
- established the surrender as a ‘stab in the back’ by Jews + justified blaming jews, scapegoat
Great Depression: Date and context
October 1929 - US stock market crashed - spread. Hit Germany badly because they were getting loans from US to pay reparation and now had to pay it back - financially fragile.
Great Depression: Effects on people
6 million lost jobs -> made it difficult to afford food and necessities -> frustration and anger
Great Depression: why was it a cause for Hitler
He used these emotions to promote the Nazi party because they = stability also uses Jews to allow for people to put the anger on someone. Nazi party = organized -> soap kitchens, propaganda, trained speakers, rallies, meetings + Hitler on air + plane. SA attack opposed people -> eliminate threat. Finally 12 to 107 seats in 1930
Chancellor: becoming
30th of January 1933 - Paul Von Hindenburg + Franz Von Pappen appointed Hitler because they had no choice after 2 failed chancellors
Chancellor: step 1
27th of February: Reichstag fire - communist Van Der Lubbe
Chancellor: step 2
5th of March: General election - 44% voted -> 81 communists arrested -> 288 seats (majority)
Chancellor: step 3
23rd of March: Enabling act - Kroll Opera house -> gave Hitler full power. 5 articles: Cabinet(Hitler) makes laws, laws can denote from constitution, Hitler can make new laws, Treaties with other nations can be changed, laws effective on the day of publication. SS threatened those who opposed.
Chancellor: step 4
26th of April: The gestapo -> police state + secret police -> sent to cc; Jews, communists, Romani, homosexuals, Jehovah’s witnesses and more. + people told on other people if they were being bad
Chancellor: step 5
2nd of may: trade union banned: control over workers
Chancellor: step 6
14th of July: opposition banned: made sure Nazi only party
Chancellor: step 7
30th of June to the 2nd of July 1934: The night of the long knives: threat of SA and the leader Ernst Rohm -> SS men ordered to arrest/kill SA leaders such as; Gregor Strasser, Von Schleicher, Von Bredow.
Economic recovery: reducing employment + timeline
- 1933: 3.5 billion spent on tanks/aircrafts/ships by 39 2.6 billion
- April 1933: Jews kicked out of civil service and businesses 1933 = 50,00 Jewish shops 1938 = 9,000 + not included on unemployment rates
- November 1933: strength through joy program -> leisure time
- 1933 to 1935: woman kicked out jobs = 800,000
- 1934: Beauty of labour: better conditions
- 1935: Reich labour service: males 18+ = 6 months labour service
- may 1937: Volkswagen
Woman: before hitler
more jobs in workforce + able to vote 1919
Woman: laws and restrictions timeline
- 1933: 1000 marks loan -> 25% off per child
- 1933: OGFRCSAT, “the male candidate would be given preference”
- 1934: married woman forced out of law, medicine and CS
- abortions/family planning banned
- clothing + hair restrictions
- 1935: spring of life (lebenborn) = breeding
- 1939: awards for 4+ children (THCOGM)
Jews: Nuremberg Laws
1935: defined citizen as “German or related blood” + banned intermarriages
Jews: Kristallnacht
9-10 November 1938: 1000 synagogues burned/damaged, 7,500 Jewish businesses ransacked/looted, 91 Jews killed + 30,000 men (16-60) arrested so more cc’s made, vandalized many Jewish locations
Jews: Wannsee Conference
20th of January 1942: “Final solution to Jewish question” -> systematic annihilation of Jews, Himmler planned to kill 11million jews (9 stupid) would die
Jews: Dehumanization
- “stabbed in the back”
- manipulation: education
- isolating/stripping identity: star of David, Israel/Sarah, no kosher
Jews: General facts
- 6 million Jews dead
- Auschwitz: 1 million
- 6 death camps in poland
17,500,000 victim files
