History and Viruses Flashcards
Historic White Dudes Pt 1 Lazzaro Spallanzani Girolama Fracastoro Robert Hooke Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Ignazio Semmelweiss
Lazzaro Spallanzani: evidence to refure theory of spontaneous generation of life
Girolama Fracastoro: suggested transferable spores caused disease
Robert Hooke: first to see cells in thin slices of cork using crude microscope
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: inventor of microscope
Ignazio Semmelweiss: hand washing 19th C
Historic White Dudes Pt 2 Joseph Lister Edward Jenner Robert Kock Hans Christian Gram Louis Pasteur
Joseph Lister: surgical asepsis using carbolic acid
Edward Jenner: smallpox vaccine from cox pox in milkmaids
Robert Kock: father of microbio ID bacillus that created anthrax and 4 postulates (later card)
Hans Christian Gram: 7 step process for staining bacteria (later card)
Louis Pasteur: invented pasteurization, proposed germ theory, developed vax against rabies and anthrax
4 postulates of Robert Kock
1) agent must be found in all pts w/disease
2) must be able to prep a pure culture of agent
3) injected agent must cause same disease in new pt
4) must recover same org from newly infected pt
7 steps of gram staining
1) Crystal violet (blue) leave 1 minutes
2) wash off H2O
3) Iodine (mordant-fixer) leave 1 minutes
4) wash off H2O
5) acetone alcohol 5 s
6) counter stain w/safranin (red) for 20s
7) wash off H2O
Historic White Dudes Pt 3 Paul Ehrlich Alexander Fleming Dmitri Ivanowski Ernst Ruska Fredrick Griffith
Paul Ehrlich: chemicals that kill syphilis, sulfa drugs and salvarsan
Alexander Fleming: discovered penicillin
Dmitri Ivanowski: 1st to postulate existence of viruses while working w/infected tobacco plants
Ernst Ruska: 1st electron microscope to prove existence of viruses
Fredrick Griffith: Discovered transformation of non-virulent bacteria to more virulent form
Historic White Dudes Pt 4 Walter Reed Jonas Salk Albert Sabin Stanley Prusiner Barry Marshall
Walter Reed: mosquitoes carry yellow fever
Jonas Salk: vax from killed polio organisms
Albert Sabin: vax from attenuated live polio virus
Stanley Prusiner: coined prion for protein particle diseases (mad cow and Creutzfeld Jacob)
Barry Marshall: PUD caused by H. Pylori
Compare microbio of virus, bacteria
Virus: acellular, no nucleus, can have DNA or RNA, chromosomes are nucleocapsid, no ribosomes, cell wall or membrane sterols
Bacteria: prokaryote, no nucleus, has DNA and RNA, 1 chromosome 70S ribosome, peptidoglycan cell wall and no membrane sterols
Compare fungi and parasite cell makeup
Fungi: eukaryote, DNA and RNA, >1 chromosome, 80S ribosome, chitin cell wall, ergosterol in membrane
Parasites: Eukaryotes with DNA and RNA, >1 chromosome, 80S ribosome, no cell wall but steral membrane
Define:
Pathogenicity
Invasion
Virulence
Path: ability to cause disease
Inv: ability to penetrate hose defense (C. perfringens has collagenase and S. Aureus has hyaluronidase)
Virulence: ability to cause serious illness, some micro-org produce toxins harmful to humans (Clost botulinum)
Define, example Nosocomial Iatrogenic Symbiosis Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism
Nosocomial: hospital acquired infxn - C. Diff
Iatrogenic: disease caused by health pros; not wash hands
Symbiosis: two dissimilar orgs living together
Commensalism: normal bacterial flora - non path E. coli so anaerobes can grow
Parasitism: one org benefits and other harmed; intestinal worms (hookworms) cause iron def anemia
Mutualism: both org benefit; Vit K producing bacteria like E. Coli
Bacterial growth phases! Lag Log Stationary Death
Lag: # of cells constant in prep for growth; met activity w/o division
Log: exponential growth
Stationary: new growth matches rate where they die off as organism runs out of nutrients
Death: all nutrients used up and bacteria start to die due to buildup of waste products
Disease triangle
Host - human, agent - microbe, environement
How do viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites promote survival?
Viruses - antigenic shift
Bacteria and fungi - spores
Parasites - cysts
Double stranded RNA viruses
REO, Rota virus
RNA single stranded - sense viuses
Paramyxo (mump/measles) Rhabdo (rabies) Orthomyxo (HN influenza) Filo (Ebola) Arena (Lassa fever) Bunya (CEE, congo fever)
RNA single stranded + sense non-enveloped icosahedral viruses
Calici (Norwalk, Hep E) Polio Echo (meningitis) Rhino (URTI) Coxsackie (diarrhea, HFM) Hep A
RNA single stranded + sense enveloped icosahedral viruses
Flavi (hep C, yellow fever, dengue, west nice, St. Louis encephalitis)
Retro (HIV)
Toga (Rubella, WEE< VEE)
RNA single stranded + sense enveloped helical viruses
Corona (cold, SARS, MERS)
DNA single stranded viruses
Parvo B19 (5th disease)
DNA double stranded naked viruses
HPV
Adeno (pharyngitits, conjunctivitis)
Polyoma (JC/BC)
DNA double stranded enveloped viruses
HepaDNA (Hep B)
Pox (variola, molluscum contagiosum)
HSV 1-8
How is herpes simplex 1/2 spread?
Direct contact
How is HHV Type 3 spread?
Aerosol droplets - chickenpox
Direct contact - herpes zoster
Mono is which virus, spread by? S/S? This virus can also cause?
HHV 4 (EBV), mucousal contact (kissing) Sore throat, fatigue, cervical lymphadenoopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, downey cells, + Paul Bunnel Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
CMV is caused by? causing?
HHV type 5 Interstitial pneumonia (immunocompromised), congenital abnormalities, brain calcification, hepatosplenomegaly
Roseola infantium is also known as? Caused by? S/S?
Exanthema subitum, 6th disease
HHV 6/7
rash in kids after fever
Slapped Cheek Syndrome is also known as? Caused by? S/S?
Erythema infectiosum/5th disease
ParvoB19
red rash on both cheeks following a fever
Viral conjunctivits caused? Spread? S/S?
Adeno virus aerosol droplet
Pink eye
Guarneri inclusion bodies in epidermis is seen with?
Smallpox
Mulluscm contagiosum cause? spread by? S/S?
Pox virus by direct contact
Papular lesions w/central indentation (umbilication)
Measles also called? Cause? s/s?
Rubeola, 1st disease
Paramyxo virus by aerosol droplets
Koplik spots, coryza, conjunctivitis, fine maculopapular erythematous rash
Mumps Cause? s/s?
Paramyxo virus, direct contact w/saliva and aerosol droplets
Parotitis, pancreatitits, orchitis
Rubella also called? Cause? s/s?
German Measles, 3rd disease
Toga RNA virus spread by aerosol droplets
Sore throat, cervical lymph nodes, fine maculopapular eythematous rash
Influence: Cause? s/s?
Orthomyxo
Fever, sore throat, severe myalgia
1st MC cause of cold? 2nd?
Rhino, corona
Croup cause? S/S?
Parainfluenza virus, barking cough, stridor, hoarseness
Childhood dysentery cause? S/S?
Coxsackie virus, diarrhea, blood in stool, HFM disease
Rabies cause? S/S?
Rhabdo RNA virus as Negri bodies in brain (raccoon, bat, skunk, dog bites)
Hydrophobia, dysphagia, agitation, paralysis, coma
Arboviruses:
Encephalitis: Western and Venezualin Equine - flavi and california (bunya)
Yellow fever: flavi by Aedes aegypti mosquito (jaundice)
West Nile (Flavi) culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti mosquite
Dengue/breakbone fever: flavi - aedes aegypti
What test detects anthrax bacilli?
Ascoli
What test separates Staphylococci (+) from streptococcus (-)?
Catalase
Dick test/Schultz Carlton reaction tests positive with?
Scarlet fever
Shick test is for?
Diphtheria
Blood agar is for what?
Beta (complete)?
Alpha (partial)?
Gamma?
Most bacteria
Strep pyogenes
Strep pneumoniae
Strep faecalis (enterococcus faecali)
Bordetella pertussis culture medium is?
Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar
Regan-Lowe Agar
Chocolate agar is the medium for ? (Aka lysed sheep blood agar)
Hemophilus, Neisseria
Mycoplasma pneumiae culture medium is?
Eaton’s agar
Hektoen enteric agar is the culture medium for?
Salmonella and Shigella
Corynebacterium diphtheriae culture medium?
Loefflers medium (horse serum, beef broth, dextrose) Tellurite agar
Lowenstein-Jensen/Middlebrook culture medium is for?
Mycobacterium
What culture medium inhibits the growth of Gram + bacteria (promotes gram - lactose-fermenting)?
MacConkey’s agar
What medium cultures viruses?
Purified Chick Embryo Culture
Sabouraud medium has a low pH medium w/gentamicin to inhibit bacterial growth … so what does it grow?
Fungi organisms
Thayer-Martin medium (chocolate agar + vancomycin and nystatin) is the culture for?
N. Gonorrhoeae
Vibrio cholera needs what culture medium?
Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS)
