History and Systems Flashcards
Most commonly used projective test
Rorschach
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
IPT is a time-limited, focused, evidence-based approach to treat mood disorders.Main goal is to improve interpersonal relationships and social functioning
- Address deficits,
- Manage unresolved grief,
- Help with life transitions,
- Deal with interpersonal disputes stemming from expectations.
Cognitive Therapy
Aaron T. Beck
Focuses on present thinking, behavior, and communication rather than on past experiences and is oriented toward problem solving.
Smith and Glass
Meta-analysis: On the average, the typical therapy client is better off than 75% of untreated individuals. Few important differences in effectiveness could be established among many quite different types of psychotherapy. More generally, virtually no difference in effectiveness was observed between the class of all behavioral therapies and the nonbehavioral therapies.
Minuchin
Structural family therapy. If you improve the process then you improve the family. Uses direct confrontation and prescribing the symptom.
Adlerian Psychotherapy
current lifestyle is determined by an analysis of a person’s earliest memories, birth order position, and dreams. The therapist build up the patient’s self-esteem and encourages more realistic goals and behavior with more social interest
Irwin Yalom
Existential psychologist
Element therapeutic factors that influence change and healing in group therapy.
Skinner
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Theory: idea that learning is a function of change to overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individual’s response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment
Freud
Father of Psychoanalysis, Id-Ego-Superego
ID
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
Ego
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Super ego
“moral watchdog”; governs behavior by reality and morality, often taught by parents, church and/or community; standards develop through interaction; conscience.
Object-relations theory
the psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior
Piget
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Child development
Cognitive stages of development
Moral stages of development
Classical Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud (1865-1939)
Belief that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight.
Aim is to release repressed emotions and experiences.
Beck
Aaron Beck- Father of cognitive therapy
Pioneered CBT
Pioneered theories widely used in treatment of clinical depression.
REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
Who’s Brentano, F?
Founder of ACT Psychology. Functionalist, he proposed it in opposition to structuralism. For Brentano, what is important is what the mind does, not what is contained within it. In other words, psychology should focus on experience as an activity rather than on experience as a structure, influenced Freud
who is Binet A?
French psychologist, invented first IQ test/created first true test of mental ability, developed the test with Theodore Simon, called the Binet-Simon Test
what was the cognitive revolution?
1950’s. period when cognitive psychology replaced Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis as the main approach in psychological fields. Increasing focus was placed on observable behaviors in conjunction with brain activity and structure.
who is Ebbinghause H?
pioneered experimental study of memory. Forgetting curve and the spacing effect. Learning curve
Who is sir Francis Galton?
eugenics dude. Initially Galton focused on “positive” eugenics, encouraging healthy, capable people of above-average intelligence to bear more children, with the idea of building an “improved” human race. Coined the term “nature vs nurture”
What is functionalism?
School of thought that was a reaction to structuralism. Studies how the mind adapts to its environment. Was interested in individual differences, whereas structuralism was interested in groups of people.
Who is Heidegger M?
Started existential psychology, nazi supporter
Karen Horney
1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends
Kohler, Wolfgang
Gestalt psychologist. Had chimp colony on Canary Islands, studied insight and playful learning in chimps
Little Albert Experiment
1920 - Watson - classical conditioning on a 9 month old baby - white rat was paired with a loud clanking noise resulting in crying and fear of rat
Maslow
Humanist psychologist who developed a pyramid representing hierarchy of human needs.
Monism
Idea that the brain and the mind are the same thing, and that every mental state is reducible to an identical brain state
What is parsimony?
That there is very little difference between animal and human learning
Ivan Pavlov
discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell
Phenomenology
The study of individuals’ own unique, first-person, conscious experience.
Positivism
the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation
Post-positivism
The belief that there is an empirical reality but that our understanding of it is limited by its complexity and by the biases and other limitations of researchers
Structuralism (Wundt)
early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
Voluntarism (Wundt)
the manner in which the mind actively organizes it’s experiences through an act of will
3rd force psychology
humanistic psychology
Tolman
cognition; studied rats and discovered the “cognitive map” in rats and humans. Believed learning is acquired through purposeful behavior.
Titchner
Founder of structuralism. Translated Wundt’s work to English and coined the term “Empathy”. Studied introspection to examine consciousness. Founded the “Experimentalists”
Witmer
Founder first psychological clinic (1896)- university of pensivania- clinical psychology
What is the American Psychological Association (Founding date 1892)
First President Hall, G.S. 54 Divisions. Largest organization of psychologists.
William James
founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment
First Psychology Lab
Wilhelm Wundt 1879
Construct Validity (Content)
Does the test measure the concept that it’s intended to measure?
It is about ensuring that the method of measurement matches the construct you want to measure. If you develop a questionnaire to diagnose depression, you need to know: does the questionnaire really measure the construct of depression? Or is it actually measuring the respondent’s mood, self-esteem, or some other construct?
Content Validity
Is the test fully representative of what it aims to measure?
assess whether a test is representative of all aspects of the construct. To produce valid results, the content of a test, survey or measurement method must cover all relevant parts of the subject it aims to measure.
Face Validity (Content)
Does the content of the test appear to be suitable for its aims?
considers how suitable the content of a test seems to be on the surface. It’s similar to content validity, but face validity is a more informal and subjective assessment.
You create a survey to measure the regularity of people’s dietary habits. You review the survey items, which ask questions about every meal of the day and snacks eaten in between for every day of the week. On its surface, the survey seems like a good representation of what you want to test, so you consider it to have high face validity.
As face validity is a subjective measure, it’s often considered the weakest form of validity. However, it can be useful in the initial stages of developing a method.
Concurrent Validity (Criterion)
Do the results correspond to a different rest of the same thing?
evaluates how closely the results of your test correspond to the results of a different test.
criterion is an external measurement of the same thing. It is usually an established or widely-used test that is already considered valid.
Predictive Validity (Criterion)
Does the test predict later performance on later criterion?
the degree to which a test accurately predicts a criterion that will occur in the future.
For example, a prediction may be made on the basis of a new intelligence test, that high scorers at age 12 will be more likely to obtain university degrees several years later. If the prediction is born out then the test has predictive validity.
Types of Validity
Content Related (measures appropriate content)
1) Face validity
2) Construct Validity
Criterion Related (relationship to other measures)
1) concurrent validity
2) predictive validity
