History and Systems

Question 1

Most commonly used projective test

Answer 1

Rorschach

Question 2

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

Answer 2

IPT is a time-limited, focused, evidence-based approach to treat mood disorders.Main goal is to improve interpersonal relationships and social functioning

1. Address deficits,
2. Manage unresolved grief,
3. Help with life transitions,
4. Deal with interpersonal disputes stemming from expectations.

Question 3

Cognitive Therapy

Answer 3

Aaron T. Beck
Focuses on present thinking, behavior, and communication rather than on past experiences and is oriented toward problem solving.

Question 4

Smith and Glass

Answer 4

Meta-analysis: On the average, the typical therapy client is better off than 75% of untreated individuals. Few important differences in effectiveness could be established among many quite different types of psychotherapy. More generally, virtually no difference in effectiveness was observed between the class of all behavioral therapies and the nonbehavioral therapies.

Question 5

Minuchin

Answer 5

Structural family therapy. If you improve the process then you improve the family. Uses direct confrontation and prescribing the symptom.

Question 6

Adlerian Psychotherapy

Answer 6

current lifestyle is determined by an analysis of a person’s earliest memories, birth order position, and dreams. The therapist build up the patient’s self-esteem and encourages more realistic goals and behavior with more social interest

Question 7

Irwin Yalom

Answer 7

Existential psychologist

Element therapeutic factors that influence change and healing in group therapy.

Question 8

Skinner

Answer 8

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Theory: idea that learning is a function of change to overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individual’s response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment

Question 9

Freud

Answer 9

Father of Psychoanalysis, Id-Ego-Superego

Question 10

ID

Answer 10

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Question 11

Ego

Answer 11

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Question 12

Super ego

Answer 12

“moral watchdog”; governs behavior by reality and morality, often taught by parents, church and/or community; standards develop through interaction; conscience.

Question 13

Object-relations theory

Answer 13

the psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior

Question 14

Piget

Answer 14

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Child development
Cognitive stages of development
Moral stages of development

Question 15

Classical Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 15

Sigmund Freud (1865-1939)
Belief that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight.
Aim is to release repressed emotions and experiences.

Question 16

Beck

Answer 16

Aaron Beck- Father of cognitive therapy
Pioneered CBT
Pioneered theories widely used in treatment of clinical depression.

Question 17

REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)

Answer 17

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Question 18

Who’s Brentano, F?

Answer 18

Founder of ACT Psychology. Functionalist, he proposed it in opposition to structuralism. For Brentano, what is important is what the mind does, not what is contained within it. In other words, psychology should focus on experience as an activity rather than on experience as a structure, influenced Freud

Question 19

who is Binet A?

Answer 19

French psychologist, invented first IQ test/created first true test of mental ability, developed the test with Theodore Simon, called the Binet-Simon Test

Question 20

what was the cognitive revolution?

Answer 20

1950’s. period when cognitive psychology replaced Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis as the main approach in psychological fields. Increasing focus was placed on observable behaviors in conjunction with brain activity and structure.

Question 21

who is Ebbinghause H?

Answer 21

pioneered experimental study of memory. Forgetting curve and the spacing effect. Learning curve

Question 22

Who is sir Francis Galton?

Answer 22

eugenics dude. Initially Galton focused on “positive” eugenics, encouraging healthy, capable people of above-average intelligence to bear more children, with the idea of building an “improved” human race. Coined the term “nature vs nurture”

Question 23

What is functionalism?

Answer 23

School of thought that was a reaction to structuralism. Studies how the mind adapts to its environment. Was interested in individual differences, whereas structuralism was interested in groups of people.

Question 24

Who is Heidegger M?

Answer 24

Started existential psychology, nazi supporter

Question 25

Karen Horney

Answer 25

1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends

Question 26

Kohler, Wolfgang

Answer 26

Gestalt psychologist. Had chimp colony on Canary Islands, studied insight and playful learning in chimps

Question 27

Little Albert Experiment

Answer 27

1920 - Watson - classical conditioning on a 9 month old baby - white rat was paired with a loud clanking noise resulting in crying and fear of rat

Question 28

Maslow

Answer 28

Humanist psychologist who developed a pyramid representing hierarchy of human needs.

Question 29

Monism

Answer 29

Idea that the brain and the mind are the same thing, and that every mental state is reducible to an identical brain state

Question 30

What is parsimony?

Answer 30

That there is very little difference between animal and human learning

Question 31

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 31

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

Question 32

Phenomenology

Answer 32

The study of individuals’ own unique, first-person, conscious experience.

Question 33

Positivism

Answer 33

the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation

Question 34

Post-positivism

Answer 34

The belief that there is an empirical reality but that our understanding of it is limited by its complexity and by the biases and other limitations of researchers

Question 35

Structuralism (Wundt)

Answer 35

early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Question 36

Voluntarism (Wundt)

Answer 36

the manner in which the mind actively organizes it’s experiences through an act of will

Question 37

3rd force psychology

Answer 37

humanistic psychology

Question 38

Tolman

Answer 38

cognition; studied rats and discovered the “cognitive map” in rats and humans. Believed learning is acquired through purposeful behavior.

Question 39

Titchner

Answer 39

Founder of structuralism. Translated Wundt’s work to English and coined the term “Empathy”. Studied introspection to examine consciousness. Founded the “Experimentalists”

Question 40

Witmer

Answer 40

Founder first psychological clinic (1896)- university of pensivania- clinical psychology

Question 41

What is the American Psychological Association (Founding date 1892)

Answer 41

First President Hall, G.S. 54 Divisions. Largest organization of psychologists.

Question 42

William James

Answer 42

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment

Question 43

First Psychology Lab

Answer 43

Wilhelm Wundt 1879

Question 44

Construct Validity (Content)

Answer 44

Does the test measure the concept that it’s intended to measure?

It is about ensuring that the method of measurement matches the construct you want to measure. If you develop a questionnaire to diagnose depression, you need to know: does the questionnaire really measure the construct of depression? Or is it actually measuring the respondent’s mood, self-esteem, or some other construct?

Question 45

Content Validity

Answer 45

Is the test fully representative of what it aims to measure?

assess whether a test is representative of all aspects of the construct. To produce valid results, the content of a test, survey or measurement method must cover all relevant parts of the subject it aims to measure.

Question 46

Face Validity (Content)

Answer 46

Does the content of the test appear to be suitable for its aims?

considers how suitable the content of a test seems to be on the surface. It’s similar to content validity, but face validity is a more informal and subjective assessment.

You create a survey to measure the regularity of people’s dietary habits. You review the survey items, which ask questions about every meal of the day and snacks eaten in between for every day of the week. On its surface, the survey seems like a good representation of what you want to test, so you consider it to have high face validity.

As face validity is a subjective measure, it’s often considered the weakest form of validity. However, it can be useful in the initial stages of developing a method.

Question 47

Concurrent Validity (Criterion)

Answer 47

Do the results correspond to a different rest of the same thing?
evaluates how closely the results of your test correspond to the results of a different test.

criterion is an external measurement of the same thing. It is usually an established or widely-used test that is already considered valid.

Question 48

Predictive Validity (Criterion)

Answer 48

Does the test predict later performance on later criterion?

the degree to which a test accurately predicts a criterion that will occur in the future.

For example, a prediction may be made on the basis of a new intelligence test, that high scorers at age 12 will be more likely to obtain university degrees several years later. If the prediction is born out then the test has predictive validity.

Question 49

Types of Validity

Answer 49

Content Related (measures appropriate content)

1) Face validity
2) Construct Validity

Criterion Related (relationship to other measures)

1) concurrent validity
2) predictive validity