History and Introduction to I/O Psychology Flashcards
What is I/O Psychology?
The scientific study, practice, and application of psychological principles in the workplace
Define Industrial and Organizational aspects of I/O
Industrial- Human resources; Job analysis, performance assessment
Organizational- Motivation, Leadership, Interpersonal dynamics
They inform each other
What is the scientist-practitioner model?
A framework in academia based on understanding the scientific principles/findings in the discipline and how they provide the basis for the profession
What is the Scientist-Practitioner gap?
The difference between scientific research on organizations and their management vs how organizations are actually managed
What were the 2 forces that lead to the development of I/O psychology?
1) The Pragmatic nature of some basic psychological research
2) The desire of industrial engineers to improve efficiency
What was the role of the Industrial revolution on I/O psychology?
Mass production and the Specialization of labour
What did Fredrick Taylor contribute to I/O?
His book the Principles of Scientific Management;
a) Science over rule of thumb
b) Scientific selection and training
c) Cooperation over individualism
d) Equal division of work with managerial and employee duties
Also the idea that workers need rest
What did Walter Dill Scott contribute to I/O?
Advised business leaders on the need of applying psychology to advertising and Improving human efficiency
What did Lilian Gilbreth and her Husband contribute to I/O psychology?
Time and Motion studies (husband- technical, Lilian- People, time management, and the effects of stress)
What do Lilian Gilbert and her husband and the Industrial revolution have to do with time and motion studies?
Industrial engineers like Lilian and her husband developed Time and motion studies to understand the most efficient body motions per unit of time a worker could perform a task.
What are the Hawthorne studies?
1920s, series of research studies at Western Electric Company. Classics, Original experiment showed no cause and effect, that just a change in environment can improve efficiency, the importance of employee attitudes and humanity, while creating more research to pursue
What are the effects of WWI on I/O Psychology?
Robert Yerkes merged psychology and the war effort. Developed Army Alpha and Army Beta, despite the army’s reluctance. Testing was slow and terminated just as it was getting organized. Psych’s impact was not great, but it gave them authority and recognition (Journal of Applied Psychology
What was the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests?
Army Alpha: An intelligence test for selection and placement of military personnel
Army Beta: A special nonverbal intelligence test to assess recruits who couldn’t read English
What are the effects of WWII on I/O Psychology?
Psychologists approached first, developed the Army General Classification Test, situational stress tests, and other classification that required classification. These techniques were applied to civilian life and business. WWII was the springboard for refining I/O
What was the Army General Classification Test?
A test developed in WWII to select and place military personnel
What happened I/O psychology after WWI/WWII?
Grew into a legitimate field, university courses on Industrial psychology, the creation of the Division of Industrial Psychology of the APA. Personnel psychology grew and specialized, study of organizations and the humans in them in 1950s strengthened in 1960s (inspired by the Hawthorn studies)
When was the Division of Industrial Psychology created?
1946
What are the modern trends in I/O Psychology?
-Rapid and unpredictable organizational change
-Internet and sophisticated information technology (AI)
-Changing workforce demographics
-Redefinition of the concept of a “job”
-Emphasis on work health, well-being, and burnout
-Changing nature of pay
