History and General

Question 1

Dr. William Beumont

Answer 1

Army doctor

Stationed in fort mackinac in north michigan

Discovered many things through Alexio St. Martin’s stomach hole

Question 2

Alexio St. Martin

Answer 2

French trappers, shot in the stomach at a bar

Allowed Beaumont to observe him

Unable to be healed by Beumont

Healed with an opening to the outside from shot wound

Question 3

Daniel

Answer 3

Over 2000 years ago, when Daniel was a young israeli, captured and taken to Babylonian King

Enlisted to serve the king

In the bible; first recorded nutritional experiment over 2000 years ago; pulse and water vs. meat and wine for 10 days

Question 4

Antoine Lavoisier

Answer 4

Designed the calorimeter

An aristocrat

french, father of nutrition, for work in chemistry, put weight measures in chemistry, designed calorimeter (measured heat produced by the body from work and consumption of varying amounts and types of food)

famous for the statement “life is a chemical process”

elected to french academy of science at age 24
was from aristocratic family so beheaded in the French Revolution in 1794

Question 5

Lind

Answer 5

British naval doctor
Treaties on scurvy
(Recovery from citrus fruit)

Failed to recognize the importance of his observations

Credited as discovering the effects of citrus on scurvy and credited with the initial discovery of vitamin C (but he failed to recognize the importance of his observations)

he continued to credit humors (which we don’t believe in anymore) of digestive as being related to scurvy

Associated vit C with citrus fruit

Question 6

Dr. Stephen Babcock

Answer 6

Best known for the Babcock test, which tests for milk fat. conceived the idea to feed dairy cattle feed from just one source all corn or all wheat plant. He placed 2 heifers on such diets, but when one died his animals were taken away and his attempts to conduct the experiment were denied by his experiment station director. His experiments led to the discovery of vitamins

His experiment was important because it was the first semi-purified diet used in economically important species and opened the golden age of nutrition

Had the idea to feed cows just material from a single source
(Either from wheat, corn, or oat)

Question 7

Funk

Answer 7

Named vitamins

termed a vitamin a vitamin because he erroneously thought that vitamins contained amines, so he combined vital and amine to coin the term vitamin in 1911

Question 8

What is the first recorded nutritional experiment?

Answer 8

Daniel ate vegetables and water to eat for 10 days

Results: Appeared fairer and fatter in flesh

Question 9

What did Beumont discover together with Alexio St. Martin?

Answer 9

Determined the stomach was not a grinder

There is no area in the stomach that separates the good and the bad

Digestion takes place through digestive juices

Foods are all digested at the same time but at different rates

Stomach noises are just stomach contractions

Fat is digested slowly

Question 10

Who was responsible for the health of the Limeys (British Navy)? Why are they called Limeys?

Answer 10

Dr. James Lind

They treated scurvy with limes

Called limeys because they put lemons, then called limes, on naval ships after Gilbert Blane pushed to do so

Question 11

What was the significance of the single plant feeding experiment?

Answer 11

Either the corn contained something the wheat didn’t, or the wheat contained something toxic.

Discovery of vitamins

Question 12

Who named vitamins after vital amines?

Answer 12

Idea came from thinking that factors that affected diet had amines in them

Funk

Question 13

Who is credited with “Life is a chemical process”, and is called the Father of Nutrition?

Answer 13

Antoine Lavoisier

Question 14

What are the major differences and similarities in composition between animals and the plant materials that serve as their food?

Answer 14

• Animals are mostly protein while most plants contain much lower levels of protein (soybeans and other oil seeds are exceptions)
• plants are mostly composed of carbohydrates, while animals only contain trace carbohydrates
• Animals store their extra energy as fat, but most plants do not (oil seeds are an exception)
• Animals have lots of minerals while plants contain minerals too but the types of minerals differ (animals have Ca&P, while Plants have P&K)
• Plants and animals have different compositions therefore we must balance diets by adding to the plant material animals eat, the extra nutrients they need to balance the diet.

Question 15

What are the 5 things Dr. Beumont determined:

Answer 15

• he determined the stomach is not a grinder
• there is no spirit in the body directing foods to good purposes and discarding the bad
• digesting takes place by digestive juices secreted from the stomach
• foods are digested all at the same time but at different rates, not separately and sequentially as was thought
• fat is digested slowly and the stomach noises that occur are just contractions

Question 16

Babcock’s associate’s (hart, Humphery, McCollum, Steenbock) experiments

Answer 16

4 5-month old heifers each were fed either only feed from the corn plant, the wheat plant, the oat plant or a mixture of all three. Weight gain was similar the first year, but the corn fed animals were sleeker and more vigorous than the wheat fed ones. When they were bred, each of the corn fed cows had normal calves, but the wheat-fed cows all had calves that were dead or died soon after birth. The wheat-fed cows gave only 1/3 the milk as those fed corn. It was clear to them that 1. Either the wheat contained something toxic, or 2. The corn contained something needed that the wheat did not contain. Flurry of discovery followed, where something in the fat soluble portion of the corn was discovered to affect reproduction and was labeled factor A. AKA vitamin A so his experiments led to the discovery of vitamins. water soluble portion of the corn had some important factor and it was labeled factor B. vitamin discovery went on until 1949 on the discovery of vit B12

Question 17

What were the foods available to ancient ancestors?

Answer 17

nuts, berries, vegetables, small game, with advent of hunting

Question 18

Hippocrates

Answer 18

observed that people all eat the same thing and people are all pretty much alike so there must be 1 essential nutrient that meet people’s needs

Question 19

1 nutrient theory

Answer 19

the theory that there is 1 essential nutrient that meets people’s needs

developed by hippocrates

persisted for a very long time clear up until the renaissance

Question 20

Prout

Answer 20

from 1834

Had recognized 3 proximate principles

1. Saccharinous - corresponds to our saccharides or sugars
2. Albuminous - corresponds to proteins
3. Oily - corresponds to fats