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Animal Nutrition > Exam 1 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 1 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Sugar

A

molecules in carbohydrates that the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen form in

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2
Q

Monosaccharide

A

carbohydrates that are composed of 1 simple sugar molecule. They are characterized by how many carbon atoms they contain. But usually the most important and numerous contain 5 (pentose) or 6 (hexose) carbon atoms

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3
Q

Disaccharide

A

carbohydrates composed of 2 sugar molecules. They are characterized by how the molecules are hooked together. Ex. maltose, cellobiose, sucrose and lactose.

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4
Q

Polysaccharide

A

carbohydrate composed of 3 or more sugars. 3 major polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

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5
Q

Starch

A

repeating units of maltose (which in turn was repeating units of glucose) connected with alpha bonds, so it is all glucose. Polysaccharide. Primary digestible polysaccharide in plants. amylose and amylopectin

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6
Q

Cellulose

A

polysaccharide high in cell walls. beta bonds of glucose

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7
Q

Glycogen

A

highly branched chain polysaccharide of glucose in animals (similar to amylopectin). Ready energy source. Stored in animal cells. Amount is very limited

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8
Q

Glucose

A

hexose (contains 6 carbon atoms); most important sugar; found free in nature; it is blood sugar; many complex sugar molecules contain glucose; monosaccharide

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9
Q

Ribose

A

sugar molecule in DNA and RNA. Most important molecule because DNA is genetic material of life. From nutritional point of view it is non-remarkable and not essential in the diet. Though it’s crucial in living cells we don’t need to eat any because the body will form it from other substances in the metabolism in the body

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10
Q

Fructose

A

hexose (contains 6 carbon atoms); it is found both combined and free in nature. It is combined with glucose in table sugar and it is high in semen to support sperm. monosaccharide from fruit.

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11
Q

Galactose

A

hexose (contains 6 carbon atoms); only found combined in nature. It is combined with glucose in milk. monosaccharide

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12
Q

Maltose

A

disaccharide composed of 2 units of glucose connected by an alpha bond

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13
Q

Cellobiose

A

disaccharide composed of 2 units of glucose connected by a beta bond. repeating units of cellobiose. No animal makes an enzyme that can digest beta bonds (except some bacteria). The beta bond imparts a structural rigidity that makes the fibrous nature so different from starch

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14
Q

Hemicellulose

A

polysaccharide Up to 40% of CHO in forages. Complex mix of glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose, galactose. Principle component of plant cell walls. easier to digest than cellulose, but allied with lignin

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15
Q

Lignin

A

totally indigestible polysaccharide

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16
Q

Amylase

A

enzyme that helps digest carbohydrates; it catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into sugars

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17
Q

Amylopectin

A

polysaccharide starch branched chain molecule

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18
Q

Amylose

A

polysaccharide starch straight chain molecule

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19
Q

Cellulase

A

refers to a group of enzymes which, acting together, hydrolyze cellulose. Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide of glucose residues connected by β-1,4 linkages.

20
Q

Xylose

A

pentose (5 carbon atoms) monosaccharide

21
Q

Mannose

A

hexose (contains 6 carbon atoms) does not occur free in nature but occurs combined in polysaccharides; monosaccharide

22
Q

Acetic Acid

A

volatile fatty acid, important in rumen fermentation, with 2 carbon atoms - CH3COOH

23
Q

Butyric Acid

A

volatile fatty acid, important in rumen fermentation, with 4 carbon atoms - CH3CH2CH2COOH

24
Q

Palmitic Acid

A

long chain saturated fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms - CH3(CH2)14COOH

25
Q

Stearic Acid

A

long chain saturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms - CH3(CH2)16COOH

26
Q

Oleic Acid

A

long chain unsaturated fatty acid that is not essential with 18 carbon atoms and 1 double bond

27
Q

Linoleic Acid

A

long chain unsaturated fatty acid that is an essential fatty acid with 18 carbon atom and 2 double bonds

28
Q

Arachidonic acid

A

long chain unsaturated fatty acid that is an essential fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and 4 double bonds

29
Q

Essential Fatty Acid

A

ong chain unsaturated fatty acids: linoleic acid (18 carbon atoms, 2 double bonds), linolenic acid (18 carbon atoms, 3 double bonds), arachidonic acid (20 carbon atoms, 4 double bonds)

30
Q

Glycerol

A

a simple monomer of fats; found in triglycerides

31
Q

propionic acid

A

volatile fatty acid, important in rumen fermentation, with 3 carbon atoms - CH3CH2COOH

32
Q

triglyceride (di-, mono-)

A

Glycerides are molecules of one glycerol with one (mono), two (di), or three (tri) fatty acids

33
Q

Valine

A

Essential

Branched chain AA

Rare, inherited metabolic disease in which there is a failure of oxidative decarboxylation breakdown of valine, leucine, and isoleucine which results in maple syrup urine disease, named because of the characteristic odor in the urine.

an ideal protein would contain 70 to 80% as much valine as lysine.

34
Q

Tryptophan

A

the second most limiting AA in corn diets for pigs
(First or second depending on circumstances)

Can be used to form the vitamin niacin.
Not relied upon to meet the animal’s needs. (This is because feeds are usually low in tryptophan and the synthesis is insufficient to meet their daily needs).

Useful in aiding sleep

Skatole and indole can be formed from it’s breakdown in large intestine by bacteria
(Foul odors)

35
Q

Threonine

A

Essential

Third or fourth limiting AA in many cases

would become a limiting amino acid in corn diets for pigs if high levels of lysine, and possibly tryptophan and methionine, were supplemented replacing protein

36
Q

Isoleucine

A

A branched chain amino acid.

An ideal protein would contain 1/2 as much isoleucine as lysine.

A rare, inherited metabolic disease in which there is a failure of oxidative decarboxylation (breakdown) of valine, leucine, and isoleucine results in maple syrup usrine disease, named because of the characteristic odor of the urine.

37
Q

Methionine

A

Essential

A sulfur-containing AA
(Only one of the 10 essential AA’s)

Often not present in sufficient supply in feeds
A portion of the methionine requirement CAN be met from cystine (another sulfur-containing AA).

Can act as a methyl donor
(Involved in the synthesis of many important compounds in the body,
like epinephrine and choline).

“Ideal protein” consists of: ½ Methionine + cystine as lysine
Both D and L isomers are biologically active
Can be chemically synthesized and economically purchased for diets

38
Q

Histidine

A

Essential

Contains an imidazole groups

Precursor of histamine

An “ideal protein” would contain 33% as much histidine as lysine.

Contains an imidazole group. It is a precursor of histamine.

39
Q

Lysine

A

Essential tickets

The most important limiting AA in corn and most grains for swine and poultry.
Can buy lysine synthetic and add it to diets
Has to be created biologically.

Diets balanced for lysine will contains most other AA’s in excess of requirement
If natural sources of good quality proteins are used.

40
Q

Leucine

A

Essential BUT abundant

Branched chain AA

Usually have more than we want

Abundant in corn protein and many other grain proteins, and is not therefore a

concern to supplement
Only the L isomer has a biological value.

“Ideal protein” would contain 100% leucine as lysine

41
Q

Peptide bond

A

the bond through which amino acids connect; the OH from one amino acid and the NH from another become H20, connecting N to C (n-c terminus)

42
Q

Polypeptide

A

multiple proteins linked together by peptide bonds

43
Q

crude protein

A

N x 6.25 = Crude Protein

analysis of the amount of N and multiply the amount of N by 6.25; able to do this because proteins on average contain 16% Nitrogen - out estimate of true protein based on N content

44
Q

True protein

A

complex things made of amino acid connected by peptide bonds in long, complicated chains

45
Q

NPN

A

non-protein nitrogen

Ruminants can use NPN because the bacteria in the rumen can use it to build their own AA’s

46
Q

Argenine

A

Essential

Precursor of the urea in the body
(Urea is the form in which nitrogen is removed from mammals)

Formation: with normal breakdown of protein and deamination of amino acids

Especially critical in cats

Animal Nutrition (4 decks)

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