History and Evolution of Science and Ethics

Question 1

Ancient Greece Philosophers

Answer 1

500 BCE: Alcmaeon of Croton - optic nerve
370 BCE: Hippocrates - nature of disease

Question 2

William Harvey

Answer 2

1578
Circulation of blood = vivisection in dogs

Question 3

Edward Jenner

Answer 3

1749
Variolation w/ cowpox

Question 4

Louis Pasteur

Answer 4

1822
Rabies vaccination of shepherd boy -> 2500 people

Question 5

Phases of Scientific Process

Answer 5

1. In vitro/silco
2. In vivo
3. Clinical trials (small healthy, small unhealthy, large unhealthy, authorisation)

Question 6

5 FREEDOMS*

Answer 6

1. from hunger or thirst
2. Discomfort
3. Pain, injury, disease
4. Express normal behaviour
5. Fear and Distress

Question 7

3 Theories of animal protection

Answer 7

Indirect protection, Direct but unequal,
Moral equality

Question 8

What does the book of deuteronomy say?

Answer 8

You and your animals shouldn’t work on the sabbath

Question 9

What does St Augustine say?

Answer 9

Animals life and death are for our use because God said

Question 10

What does Francis of Assisi say?

Answer 10

If you mistreat animals, you’ll mistreat men

Question 11

What does St/ Thomas Aquinas say?

Answer 11

Animals and plants are preserved for men

Question 12

What did Rene Descartes say?

Answer 12

All animals move mechanically rather than have souls

Question 13

What did Immanuel Kant say?

Answer 13

Our duties towards animals are merely indirect duties to humanity, but if you’re cruel to animals, you’re cruel to man

Question 14

What did Jeremy Bentham believe?

Answer 14

Animals can suffer => don’t hurt

Question 15

What did Marshall Hall believe?

Answer 15

Principles of investigation in physiology = experiments should minimize suffering

Question 16

What were Hall’s principles of investigation in physiology?

Answer 16

1. Never experiment if observation is enough
2. Don’t experiment without a purpose and chance of getting results
3. Don’t repeat unnecessarily
4. Minimize suffering
5. Experiments should give results
6. Facts should be given to public in simplest terms
7. Give others opinions in your own words

Question 17

What did Charles Darwin believe?

Answer 17

No experimentation without anesthesia but experiments necessary

Question 18

What are the 3 R’s?

Answer 18

Replacement - any method using non-sentient material
Reduction - planning and performing to minimize animal use
Refinement - reduce distress of animals

Question 19

What did Peter Singer say?

Answer 19

Animal Liberation - overlap between intelligent animals and disabled humans. Not vegan/completely opposed to use of animals

Question 20

Tom Regan

Answer 20

The case for animal rights - inherent value in any life, based on opportunity

Question 21

What are the levels of replacement?

Answer 21

Absolute - toxicity testing, education
Relative - tissues/organs rather than live animals
Partial - non-animal methods in early stages

Question 22

How to search for alternatives?

Answer 22

• Start early
• Identify key parts of research that may have alternatives E.g. humane endpoints, refined procedures
• Communicate w/ others (NORECOPA)