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Mollie's AP Psych > History and Approaches > Flashcards

History and Approaches Flashcards

Use these cards to study the historical background of psychology, in addition to its variety of theoretical approaches. The AP Psych exam devotes 2-4% of its multiple choice questions to the content in this deck.

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Define:

Psychology

A

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

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2
Q

Define behavior as it relates to psychology.

A

observable actions

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3
Q

__________ are defined as internal experiences, including feelings and thoughts.

A

Mental processes

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4
Q

Why is psychology a scientific study?

A
  • uses empirical data to disprove hypotheses
  • describes, predicts, and explains behavior and mental processes
  • systematic collection and observation of data
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5
Q

An example of the nature vs. nurture controversy is whether intelligence derives from __________ or is __________.

A

experience; inherited

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6
Q

Define dualism as it relates to psychology.

A

idea that the mind and brain are separate entities that interact

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7
Q

The idea that the mind and brain are one entity is known as __________.

A

monism

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8
Q

Plato and Descartes, believers in dualism, are on the side of __________ in the nature vs. nurture controversy.

A

nature

Descartes believed knowledge was innate and the pineal gland was considered the mind.

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9
Q

Aristotle and Locke, believers in monism, are on the side of __________ in the nature vs. nurture controversy.

A

nurture

Locke’s “tabula rasa” translates to “blank slate” suggesting that knowledge is learned through experience.

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10
Q

Psychology grew out of which discipline(s) in Ancient Greece?

A

philosophy, physiology, and biology

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11
Q

Who is credited with the foundation of scientific psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt, who performed the earliest studies in 1879 in Germany.

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12
Q

__________ examines the structure of the mind and basic elements of consciousness.

A

Structuralism

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13
Q

Define:

Introspection

A

Introspection is the process whereby observers look inward and objectively analyze their sensory experience.

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14
Q

Name the first president of the American Psychological Association (APA).

A

G. Stanley Hall

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15
Q

Who was Edward Titchener?

A

Titchener, a researcher from Cornell University, was one of the earliest structuralists.

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16
Q

__________ was the first woman to receive her Ph.D. in psychology.

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

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17
Q

Define functionalism as it relates to psychology.

A

school of thought that studies how mental operations affect environmental adaptation

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18
Q

Who was Mary Whiton Calkins?

A

first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA)

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19
Q

Name three of the earliest functionalists.

A
  1. William James
  2. James Cattell
  3. John Dewey
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20
Q

How did William James contribute to functionalism?

A

James published psychology’s first textbook, called The Principles of Psychology, from a functionalist perspective.

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21
Q

Which psychological approach does this statement reflect?

Behavior results from learning through experience.

A

behavioral

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22
Q

What is behavior modification?

A

set of techniques to help individuals unlearn habits that have led to psychological problems

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23
Q

Describe Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments.

A

Pavlov, an early behaviorist, in his famous classical conditioning experiment, trained dogs to salivate in response to the sound of a bell.

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24
Q

What did John Watson believe psychology should study?

A

Watson, one of the earliest behaviorists, felt psychology should be the science of behavior and reject the study of mental processes.

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25
Q

Who is the psychologist behind operant conditioning of rats and pigeons?

A

B.F. Skinner

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26
Q

Define:

operant conditioning

A

training organisms to repeat responses that lead to rewards and not to repeat responses that lead to punishment

27
Q

What is the key premise in Gestalt psychology?

A

Gestalt psychology stresses that the whole process should be studied, rather than specific parts.

28
Q

Max Wertheimer was a __________ psychologist.

A

Gestalt

29
Q

What are the ABCs of behavior according to the behavioral approach?

A
  • antecedent environmental conditions
  • behavioral actions
  • consequences of behavior
30
Q

Where do behavioral geneticists believe behavior comes from?

A

particular behaviors are attributed to genetically-based psychological characteristics

31
Q

Who is the father of psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud

32
Q

According to psychoanalysis, early life experiences are related to the development of one’s __________ later in life.

A

personality

33
Q

Other than Sigmund Freud, name four psychologists who associate with the psychoanalytic perspective.

A
  1. Carl Jung
  2. Alfred Adler
  3. Karen Horney
  4. Heinz Kohut
34
Q

The __________ approach studies unconscious motives, while the biological approach studies chemical processes.

A

psychoanalytic

The psychoanalytic approach is also known as the psychodynamic approach.

35
Q

What is the difference between the conscious mind and the subconscious mind?

A

The conscious mind is readily accessible, while the subconscious mind is inaccesible but influences behavior.

36
Q

Define:

repression

A

psychoanalytic term for burying information in the subconscious

37
Q

__________, unlike behaviorists, believe free will guides behavior and leads to personal growth.

A

Humanists

38
Q

Define:

humanism

A

psychological perspective that believes humans have unique qualities of behavior that differ from other organisms

39
Q

Name two psychologists who associate with the humanistic approach.

A
  1. Abraham Maslow
  2. Carl Rogers
40
Q

Technological advances and physiological research formed the basis of the __________ approach.

A

biological

The biological approach is also known as biopsychology or neuroscience.

41
Q

According to the biological perspective, behavior is related to the __________ processes within the nervous and endocrine systems.

A

chemical

42
Q

Which psychological approach does this statement reflect?

Behaviors that contribute to survival and reproduction are naturally selected.

A

evolutionary

43
Q

Who was the inspiration behind the evolutionary approach to psychology?

A

Charles Darwin

Darwin’s theory of natural selection said all creatures have evolved over time in order to survive and reproduce.

44
Q

Which psychological approach focuses on thinking, language, and how humans receive, store, and process information?

A

cognitive

45
Q

Who first studied the cognitive development of children?

A

Jean Piaget

46
Q

The structuralists studied consciousness, thinking, and memory. This area of psychology is currently known as __________.

A

cognition

47
Q

Which psychological approach does this statement reflect?

People from different cultures interpret gestures, body language, and verbal language differently.

A

sociocultural

These psychologists study how cultural differences affect behavior.

48
Q

Organize in chronological order from earliest to latest, based on when each became popular:

  • sociocultural approach
  • behavioral approach
  • humanistic approach
A
  • The behavioral approach became popular in the early 20th century with Pavlov’s research
  • The humanistic approach came about in the mid-20th century in opposition to Behaviorism
  • Lastly, the sociocultural approach grew toward the end of the century as there were more interactions between different cultures
49
Q

Instead of calling themselves bio-cog-socio-humanists, these psychologists would identify as being __________ psychologists.

A

eclectic

50
Q

Identify the type of psychologist:

These individuals evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

A

clinical psychologists

51
Q

What do counseling psychologists specialize in?

A

Counseling psychologists help people make changes in their lifestyles.

52
Q

What do developmental psychologists study?

A

Developmental psychologists study psychological development over an individual’s lifespan.

53
Q

__________ psychologists study the effectiveness of teaching and learning.

A

Educational

54
Q

Identify the type of psychologist:

These individuals study how humans improve technology and consumer products

A

engineering psychologists

Engineering psychologists are also known as human factors psychologists.

55
Q

Forensic psychologists study the relationship between psychology and __________.

A

legal issues

56
Q

Health psychologists study the biological, social, and psychological factors surrounding health and __________.

A

illness

57
Q

What do industrial/organizational psychologists specialize in?

A

Industrial/organizational psychologists focus on improving productivity in the workplace.

58
Q

Identify the type of psychologist:

These individuals examine the relationships between the brain, nervous system, and behavior.

A

neuropsychologists

Neuropsychologists are also known as:

  • biological psychologists
  • biopsychologists
  • behavioral geneticists
  • physiological psychologists
  • behavioral neuroscientists
59
Q

__________ psychologists explore attitudes, traits, and goals of individuals.

A

Personality

60
Q

Identify the type of psychologist:

These individuals examine methods for discovering and interpreting psychological data.

A

psychometricians

Psychometricians are also known as psychometric psychologists and measurement psychologists.

61
Q

Identify the type of psychologist:

These individuals assist patients with mental retardation, developmental disabilities, and disabilities from physical trauma.

A

rehabilitation psychologists

62
Q

What do school psychologists specialize in?

A

School psychologists focus on counseling students, educators, and parents.

63
Q

What do social psychologists study?

A

Social psychologists study how an individual’s thoughts and behavior are related to his or her interactions with other people.

64
Q

Identify the type of psychologist:

These individuals assist athletes in narrowing their focus on goals, increasing motivation, and coping with the fear of failure.

A

sports psychologists

Mollie's AP Psych (5 decks)

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