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Austria/Switzerland > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

1
Q

When did Austrian wine begin to flourish?

A

In the Roman era after Probus’s repeal of provincial viticulture.

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2
Q

Who influenced the development of the vine in Austria?

A

Charlemagne and the Cistercian Monks

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3
Q

When did Vienna become a major center for wine trade?

A

13th Century

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4
Q

When was the first evidence of Trockenbeerenauslese in Austria?

A

1526

-predated Spätlese in Germany by 200 years

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5
Q

What contributed to the shrinkage of Austrian wine production in the 1700s?

A
  • 17th Century War

- Taxes

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6
Q

How big was Austrian wine production after WWII?

A

Austria was the worlds third largest producer

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7
Q

What caused Austria’s commercial success in the 20th Century?

A

Innovations and developments similar to those being pursued in Germany.

  • viticultural research institute at Klosterneuburg built in 1860
  • focused attention on grape crossings and higher yields
  • mechanization of the vineyards followed Dr. Lenz Moser’s development of the wire trellising system in the 1950s—a viticultural breakthrough with worldwide ramifications
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8
Q

What is Diethylene glycol?

A

A colorless, odorless, poisonous chemical

  • gave a light wine some added texture
  • contributed the the “antifreeze” scandal of 1985
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9
Q

How did Austria respond to the antifreeze scandal?

A

It drafted some of the strictest wine laws in Europe and refocusing on quality.

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10
Q

What are the four major Weinbaugebiete of Austria from North to South?

A

Niederösterreich
Wien (Vienna)
Burgenland
Styria (Steiermark)

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11
Q

90% of Austria’s vineyards are located in these Weinbaugebiete/

A

Niederösterreich

Burgenland

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12
Q

What is the most cultivated white grape variety in Austria?

A

Grüner Veltliner

-31% of total vineyard acreage

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13
Q

White grape varieties of Austria.

A 
Grüner Veltliner
Welschriesling
Müller Thurgau
Weißburgunder
Riesling
Chardonnay
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14
Q

What are synonyms of Chardonnay in Austria?

A

Morillon

Feinburgunder

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15
Q

What is the most planted red grape of Austria?

A

Zweigelt

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16
Q

Zweigelt was developed when? It is a crossing of what two grape varities?

A
  • 1922

- Blaufränkisch x St. Laurent

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17
Q

Red grape varieties of Austria.

A

Zweigelt
Blaufränkisch
Blauer Portugieser
Blauburger

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18
Q

Blauburger is a crossing of what two grapes?

A

Blauer Portugieser x Blaufränkisch

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19
Q

What % of total acreage in Austria are white grape varieites?

A

67%

-as of 2015

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20
Q

What are the three levels of quality defined by Austrian wine law?

A

Wein
Landwein
Qualitätswein

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21
Q

What are the specifications for Qualitätswein?

A
  • Highest quality of caliber and regional specificity
  • Sourced from a single Weinbaugebiete or one of the 17 smaller wine regions
  • May be produced from one or more of 40 permitted grapes
  • must past a tasting panel and chemical analysis (indicated by a State Control Number)
  • Indication of the red and white banderole on the capsule’s label
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22
Q

What is a Prüfnummer?

A

A state control number that indicates a chemical analysis on Qualitätswein bottlings.

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23
Q

What category did Wein replace and when?

A

Tafelwein

-in time for the 2009 vintage

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24
Q

What are the specifications of Wein?

A
  • May carry a vintage date and varietal on the label

- May not exhibit a more exclusive statement of origin than Österreich.

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25
Q

What are the specifications of Landwein?

A
  • Restricted to the same 40 varieties permitted for Qualitätswein
  • Labeled by one of the three broad geographic areas
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26
Q

What % of Austria’s vineyards account for Qualitätswein?

A

80%

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27
Q

What does Weinbauregionen mean?

A

A broad geographic area

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28
Q

What are the three Weinbauregionen of Austria?

A

Weinland
Stiererland
Bergland

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29
Q

What area does Weinland cover?

A

Niederösterreich
Wien
Burgenland

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30
Q

What area does Stiererland pertain to?

A

Stiermark

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31
Q

What area does Bergland pertain to?

A

Includes just under 250 ha of vineyard land scattered throughout the remainder of Austria’s mountainous countryside.

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32
Q

What are the maximum yields for Weinland, Stiererland and Bergland?

A

67.5 hl/ha

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33
Q

What are the categories of Qualitätswein?

A 
Spätlese
Auslese
Beerenauslese
Eiswein
Strohwein/Schilfwein
Ausbruch Prädikatswein 
Trockenbeerenauslese
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34
Q

What is the minimum alcohol content for wines labeled by prädikat?

A

5%

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35
Q

Is the practice of chapitilization or the addition of Süssreserve allowed in Kabinett level wines in Austria?

A

No

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36
Q

How is Kabinett defined in the prädikat system in Austria?

A

Kabinett wines are considered a subset of Qualitätswein rather than a beginning rung on the ladder of Prädikatswein.

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37
Q

What is Strohwein?

A

A dried grape wine of at least Beerenauslese ripeness.

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38
Q

What is Ausbruch?

A

For Trockenbeerenauslesen produced in the Free City of Rust, the term Ausbruch may be used; use of the term Ausbruch may only be used in connection with the geographical indication ‘Rust’.

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39
Q

Where are most of Austria’s lusciously sweet wines produced?

A

Around the lake of Neusiedlersee in Burgenland.

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40
Q

How many DACs are in Austria?

A

17

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41
Q

What are the DACs of Austria and when were they established?

A 
Weinviertel (2002)
Mittelburgenland (2005)
Traisental (2006)
Kremstal (2007)
Kamptal (2008)
Leithaberg (2009)
Eisenberg (2010)
Neusiedlersee (2012)
Wiener Gemischter Satz (2013)
Rosalia (2018)
Vulkanland Steiermark (2018)
Südsteiermark (2018)
Weststeiermark (2018)
Carnuntum (2019)
Wachau (2020)
Ruster Ausbruch (2020)
Wagram (2022)
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42
Q

When did Austrian Sekt with a Protected Designation of Origin become a legal category?

A

2016

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43
Q

What are the three categories of Austrian Sekt with a Protected Designation of Origin?

A

Klassik
Reserve
Grosse Reserve

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44
Q

What are the requirements of Klassik Sekt?

A
  • The wine must come from one of Austria’s federal states
  • The wine must spend 9 months on the lees
  • Tank, transfer, and traditional methods are all allowed
  • All dosage levels/styles and colors may be produced
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45
Q

What are the requirements for

Reserve Sekt?

A
  • Traditional method is required
  • Wines must spend 18 months on the lees
  • A vintage must be listed
  • Must be Brut Nature/Extra Brut/Brut
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46
Q

What are the requirements for Grosse Reserve?

A
  • Wines must come from a single village
  • Hand Harvesting is required
  • Vineyard names and vintages are allowed on the label
  • Must spend 30 months on the lees
  • May not be released until 3 years after harvest
  • Must be Brut Nature/Extra Brut/Brut
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47
Q

What does Hauersekt refer to?

A
  • Corresponds to the German Winzersekt
  • Indicates that the wine is made by the grape grower
  • Equivalent of Récoltant Manipulant
  • Must list the village/vineyard, grape variety, and vintage
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48
Q

How does one differentiate between Austrian Sekt with a Protected Designation of Origin and regular Austrian Sekt?

A

Bottles must carry the official seal on the capsule with the words Geschützter Ursprung, geprüfte Qualität, meaning “protected designation of origin and certified quality.

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49
Q

What does Geschützter Ursprung, geprüfte Qualität refer to?

A

Austrian sekt of Protected Designation of Origin

-translates to protected designation of origin and certified quality

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50
Q

What is the largest wine growing region in Austria?

A

Niederösterreich

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51
Q

What the is the second largest growing region in Austria?

A

Burgenland

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52
Q

What is the Pannonian Plain? What does this do for the climate of Austria?

A

A former seabed of loess soils stretching from eastern Austria through Hungary and many countries of the former eastern bloc.
-Ushers in a continental climate with hot summers and harsh winters

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53
Q

What is the main river of Austria?

A

Danube River

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54
Q

What are the subzones of Niederösterreich?

A 
Weinviertel
Wachau
Kremstal
Kamptal
Traisental
Wagram
Carnuntum
Thermenregion.
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55
Q

What two subzones of Austria do not lie along the Danube or its tributaries?

A

Weinviertel

Thermenregion

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56
Q

What was Austria’s first DAC?

A

Weinviertel (2002)

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57
Q

What is the largest subzone of Niederösterreich?

A

Weinviertel

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58
Q

This subzone of Niederösterreich is located in the hills north of the Danube and the Pannonian Plain.

A

Weinviertel

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59
Q

What is the climate of Weinviertel.

A

It is a cooler climate compared to the rest of Niederösterreich.

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60
Q

What is the style of wine of Weinviertel?

A

Lighter and fresher

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61
Q

DAC wines of Weinviertel must be produced from what grape?

A

Grüner Veltliner

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62
Q

What is the minimum alcohol of wines from Weinviertel?

A

12%

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63
Q

What are the specifications of DAC Weinviertel?

A
  • Must come from Grüner Veltliner
  • Min 12% alcohol
  • Tasting panel
  • No obvious wood or botrytis notes
  • Must show a distinct peppery characteristic
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64
Q

When did Reserve Weinviertel debut and how is different than Klassik Weinviertel?

A

2009

  • Minimum 13% alcohol
  • Fuller bodies
  • May show notes of wood and botrytis
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65
Q

What are the specifications of Klassik Traisental, Kamptal, and Kremstal?

A
  • Grüner Veltliner and Riesling
  • Minimum 12% alcohol
  • No obvious wood or botrytis
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66
Q

What are the specifications of Reserve Traisental, Kamptal and Kremstal?

A
  • Grüner Veltliner and Riesling
  • Minimum 13% alcohol
  • May show notes of wood or botrytis
  • Grüner Veltliner must show a more delicate spice than the pungent spice of Weinviertel
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67
Q

Where are Kremstal and Kamptal located?

A

In western Niederösterreich, along the Krems and Kamp Rivers, tributaries of the Danube.

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68
Q

Where is Langenlois located?

69
Q

What are three highly regarded vineyard sites of Langenlois?

A

Heiligenstein
Lamm
Dechant

70
Q

What does Ried indicate on an Austrian label?

A

Top site or single vineyard

71
Q

What is the Österreichischen Traditionsweingüter?

A

An association of producers established in 1992

-in 2010 elevated 53 sites in Kremstal, Kamptal, Wagram and Traisental to Erste Lage

72
Q

As of 2019, how many vineyard sites can use the term Ried or the Erste Lage designation?

73
Q

What grape varieties are authorized to use the Erste Lage logo?

A

Grüner Veltliner and Riesling

74
Q

What is Niederösterreich’s westernmost subregion?

75
Q

What villages are the Wachau located between?

A

Melk and Krems

76
Q

What is the climate of the Wachau?

A

Severe continental

77
Q

What cools down the Wachau?

A

The cool Northern winds and the Danube

-Allows wines to maintain their natural high acidity

78
Q

Where are most of the best vineyard sites of the Wachau located?

A

On terraced slopes on the North bank of the Danube

79
Q

What is the soil composition of the Wachau?

A
  • Loess
  • Gföhler (gneiss)
  • Alluvial sand in the lower vineyard sites near the river’s edge
80
Q

Where is the vineyard Achleiten located?

A

The village of Weissenkerchen in the Wachau.

81
Q

Name three estates located in Weissenkerchen.

A

FX Pichler
Prager
Emmerich Knoll

82
Q

What is the Vinea Wachau?

A
  • Founded in 1983

- An organization of estates sworn to uphold the tenets of natural winemaking as spelled out in the Codex Wachau.

83
Q

What are the specifications of the Vinea Wachau?

A
  • No additives (including chapitilization)
  • No aromatization (including new barrique)
  • No “fractionation” (techniques like de-alcoholization
  • Wines must be bottled in the region
  • Wines must be vinified from grapes grown in the Wacahu
84
Q

What percentage of the Wachau’s vineyard acreage do the members of the Vinea Wachau control?

85
Q

What is the newest DAC of Austria?

A

Wachau (2020)

86
Q

What are the three categories of the three-tier hierarchal system of the Wachau DAC?

A
  • Gebietsweine (regional wine)
  • Orstweine (village wine)
  • Riedenweine (single vineyard)
87
Q

How many varieties are approved for Gebietsweine for Wachau DAC?

A

Can have up to 17 varieties (including a Gemischter Satz blend).

88
Q

How many varieties are approved for Orstweine?

A

9 varieties

89
Q

How many varieties are approved for Riedenweine?

A

2

-Riesling or Grüner Veltliner

90
Q

What are the specifications of Riedenweine?

A
  • Riesling or Grüner Veltliner permitted
  • No Chapitilization or oak character allowed
  • Must be hand harvested
91
Q

Are Wachau producers allowed to apply the Vinea Wachau stylistic categories that were created in the 1980s?

92
Q

What are the three stylistic categories created by the Vinea Wachau in the 1980s?

A
  • Steinfeder
  • Federspiel
  • Smaragd
93
Q

What is Steinfeder named for?

A

The local grass that grows in the vineyards

94
Q

What is the minimum must weight and alcohol for Steinfeder wines?

A

Minimum 15° KMW / 11.5% alcohol

95
Q

What is the minimum must weight and alcohol for Federspiel wines?

A

Minimum 17° KMW / 11.5-12.5 % alcohol

96
Q

What does the term Federspiel refer to?

A

A falconer’s tool

97
Q

Where does Smaragd take its name from?

A

The emerald lizard who basks on terraces.

98
Q

What is the minimum must weight and alcohol for Smaragd wines?

A

19° KMW / 12.5% alcohol

99
Q

19° KMW is equivalent to what?

A

95° Öchsle, or Spätlese ripeness

100
Q

Where is Wagram located?

A

To the east of Wachau, Kamptal and Kremstal.

101
Q

What was Wagram known as before 2007?

102
Q

Where is Wagram in relation to Vienna?

A

Upstream along the Danube.

103
Q

What is the main grape of Wagram?

A

Grüner Veltliner

104
Q

What is considered a specialty of Wagram?

A

Roter Veltliner

105
Q

What is Roter Veltliner?

A

A red grape produced as a white wine

-Unrelated to Grüner Veltliner

106
Q

Where is Klosterneuburg located?

107
Q

Where are Carnuntum and Thermenregion located?

A

South of Vienna

108
Q

What is the climate of Thermenregion?

A

Experiences the full force of the hot Pannonian summers.

109
Q

What are the main grapes of Thermenregion?

A

Rotgipfler and Zierfandler

-Produced varietally or as the blended Spätrot-Rotgipfler

110
Q

What is the climate of Carnuntum?

A

Similar to Burgenland

111
Q

What is the style of wine in Carnuntum?

A
  • Production is oriented toward red wines

- Main grape is Zweigelt

112
Q

What is Gemischter Satz?

A

A traditional field blend.

113
Q

What is popular in Carnuntum?

A

Gemischter Satz

114
Q

What region in Austria produces the best reds and sweet wines?

A

Burgenland

115
Q

What country does Burgenland border?

116
Q

What is the climate of Burgenland?

A
  • Hot Pannoian Climate

- Tempered by the cooling influence of the Neusiedlersee

117
Q

What is the Neusiedlerse?

A

A large, shallow lake which, formerly, divided the subzones of Neusiedlersee and Neusiedlersee-Hügelland to the west.

118
Q

As of what year is Neusiedlersee-Hügelland no longer recognized as a wine growing region?

119
Q

What are the 5 DACs of Burgenland from North to South?

A 
Neusiedlersee DAC
Leithaberg DAC
Rosalia DAC
Mittelburgenland DAC
Eisenberg DAC
120
Q

What is the main grape of Mittelburgenland DAC?

A

Blaufränkisch

121
Q

What are the aging requirements of Mittelburgenland DAC?

A
  • Classic: Wines must be matured in stainless steel or used oak, and may not be released until August 1 of the year following the harvest.
  • Classic with Specified Site: Wines must be matured in traditional large oak barrels or used barriques, and may not be released until October 1 of the year following the harvest.
  • Reserve: Wines must be matured in oak (used or new), and may not be released until March 1 of the second year following the harvest.
122
Q

What is the minimum alcohol requirement of Mittelburgenland DAC normal vs reserve?

A

Normal - 12.5%

Reserve - 13%

123
Q

What is the capital of Burgenland?

A

Eisenstadt

124
Q

Where is Eisenstadt located?

A

Leithaberg DAC, Bergenland

125
Q

What DAC is the first to allow red and white wines?

A

Leithaberg DAC

126
Q

White grapes of Leithaberg DAC

A 
Grüner Veltliner
Chardonnay
Neuburger
Weissburgunder
-May be blends or single varietals
127
Q

Red grapes of Leithaberg DAC

A
  • Minimum 85% Blaufränkisch

- Plus a max. 15% combined Pinot Noir, St. Laurent, and Zweigelt

128
Q

Aging requirements of Leithaberg DAC

A
  • White: Wines may not be released until September 1 of the year following the harvest
  • Red: Wines must be aged in oak, and may not be released until September 1 of the second year after the harvest
  • Wines must be bottled in multiples of 750ml(375ml, 1L and 2L btls are not permitted)
129
Q

Grape(s) of Eisenberg

A

Blaufränkisch

130
Q

Other names for Blaufränkisch.

A

Lemberger - Germany

Kekfrankos - Hungary

131
Q

What is the most planted red grape of Burgenland?

A

Blaufränkisch

132
Q

Authorized varietals for Neusiedlersee DAC.

A
  • Classic: Zweigelt must be the focus of the blend, varying amounts of other red grape varieties are accepted without restriction
  • Reserve: Min. 60% Zweigelt; Max. 40% other indigenous red varieties
  • Other local red varieties of importance: Blaufrankisch, St. Laurent, Pinot Noir
133
Q

Aging requirements for Neusiedlersee DAC.

A

Classic: Wines may be released on March 1 of the year following the harvest.
Reserve: Wines may be released on March 1 of the second year following the harvest

134
Q

Authorized grape varieties for Rosalia DOC

A

Blaufränkisch

Zweigelt

135
Q

Minimum alcohol for Rosalia DAC

A

Classic: 12%
Reserve: 13% (red only)

136
Q

Maximum residual sugar for Rosalia DAC

A

Max 4 g/l of rs

137
Q

In Rosalia DAC, at the reserve level single vineyards (rieds) may be indicated on the label for what style of wine?

A

Red reserve wines

138
Q

Aging requirements for Rosalia DAC

A
  • Classic: May be released from Jan 1 of the year following the harvest.
  • Reserve: Same as Classic (red only)
139
Q

Styles of wine permitted in Rosalia DAC

A

Dry Rosé

Dry Still red

140
Q

What is permitted on the label of Rosalia Rosé DAC?

A
  • Single vineyard allowed

- Varietal not allowed

141
Q

When was Rosalia DAC established?

A

2018

-Wines may be released with the Rosalia DAC retroactively, with the 2017 vintage.

142
Q

Where are sweet wines made in Burgenland?

A

Both of Northern sub regions

143
Q

Where is the Alois Kracher estate located?

A

Village of Illmitz in Neusiedlersee

144
Q

Alois Kracher is known for what style of wine?

A

Eiswein
BA
TBA

145
Q

Where is Rust located?

A

On the western shore of Neusiedlersee

146
Q

What is Rust famous for?

A

The production of Ausbruch

-A traditional sweet wine dating to the 17th century

147
Q

At what ripeness level is Ausbruch grapes harvested at?

A

Minimum 30° KMW

-(approximately 156°Öchsle)

148
Q

How is Ausbruch made?

A
  • Richly concentrated botrytis-affected must is added to less concentrated must
  • From fruit harvested in the same vineyard
  • The two are fermented together
  • Aged in barrel before release
149
Q

What grapes are used to produce Ausbruch?

A 
-Traditonally was Furmint
Modern Day:
Chardonnay
Muskateller
Pinot Blanc
Neuburger
Welschriesling
Traminer
Pinot Gris
150
Q

Neusiedlersee only gained DAC status for what style of wine?

A

Classic and Reserve red wines based on Zweigelt

-As of now no DAC exists for the sweet wines of Burgenland.

151
Q

Where is Steiermark?

A

A mountainous region to the south of Burgenland

152
Q

What are the three subregions of Steiermark?

A

Südsteiermark
Weststeiermark
Vulkanland Steiermark

153
Q

What percentage of Austria’s vineyards does Steiermark contain?

154
Q

What is Steiermark’s most cultivated grape variety?

A

Welschriesling

155
Q

What white grape varieties grow in Steiermark?

A

Welschriesling
Weissburgunder
Traminer
Sauvignon Blanc

156
Q

Where does Traminer thrive in Steiermark?

A

Vulkenland Steiermark

157
Q

What is the soil of Vulkenland Steiermark?

158
Q

Where does Sauvignon Blanc thrive in Steiermark?

A

Südsteiermark

159
Q

Where does Manfred Tement located?

A

Südsteiermark

160
Q

What DAC of Steiermark only existed in 2017?

A

Schilcherland DAC

161
Q

What style and grape was Schilcherland DAC known for?

A
  • Rosé produced from the ancient grape, Blauer Wildbacher

- Could be listed as “Klassic” or “Ried”, if a single vineyard was listed

162
Q

What DAC of Steiermark reabsorbed the schilcher wine style?

A

Weststeiermark DAC

163
Q

What is the three-tiered “System of Origin Steiermark”?

When was it introduced?

A 
-The pyramid was set up to promote wines of the region and also set quality standards
Pyramid is as follows:
Reidenwein (single vineyard)
Ortswein (village wines)
Regional Wine
164
Q

What are the requirements of Ortswein and Reidenwein?

A

They both require longer aging and focus on the best grape varieties of the region.

165
Q

What grape varieties are authorized for Südsteiermark?

A 
Welschriesling
Pinot Blanc
Morillon (Chardonnay)
Pinot Gris
Riesling
Muscat
Sauvignon Blanc
Traminer
166
Q

What grape varieties are authorized for Vulkenland Steirermark?

A 
Welschriesling
Pinot Blanc
Morillon (Chardonnay)
Pinot Gris
Riesling
Muscat
Sauvignon Blanc
Traminer
167
Q

What grape varieties are authorized for Weststeiermark?

A 
Blauer Wildbacher ( for Schilcher)
Welschriesling
Weißburgunder
Morillon
Grauburgunder
Riesling
Gelber Muskateller
Sauvignon Blanc
Traminer
168
Q

What Austrian states are included in Bergland?

A 
Oberösterreich
Salzburg
Kärnten
Tirol
Vorarlberg.

Austria/Switzerland (9 decks)

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