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Food Packaging > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of ‘packaging?’

A

The enclosure of products, with at least one functional purpose (contain, protect, communicate, preserve, etc)

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2
Q

List the main functions of food packaging (8)

A 
contain
protect
preserve
transportation
sanitation
information
convenience
visual appeal
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3
Q

What was the first historically known type of packaging?

A

Egypt: cast/blown glass bottles, papyrus

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4
Q

What was the first case of package labelling?

A

Greece: labeled olive oil amphora handles (production date)

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5
Q

What is the main disadvantages of clay?

A

fragile and heavy

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6
Q

What special type of flexible packaging was developed in China? What unique properties did it have

A

Treated mulberry bark

act as insect deterrent
too complex to produce commercially

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7
Q

Where was papermaking developed?

A

China (hand production)

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8
Q

Where was paper commercialized on an industral scale?

A

Europe, then North America

machine production, improved quality

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9
Q

What was a simple invention in the 1500s to close bottles? What was the benefit?

A

Cork stoppers

sealing increased shelf life

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10
Q

What is Nicolas Appert famous for?

A

invention of heat preservation of food in glass containers (father of canning)

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11
Q

The first canning process was done using what packaging?

A

glass jars

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12
Q

What were the first metal food cans made of? Who invented it?

A

Tin

Peter Durand

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13
Q

Why were tin cans not very popular when first introduced?

A

No can opener available; didn’t exist until 50 years later

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14
Q

Who invented metal tin tubes, and for what inital purpose?

A

John Goffe Rand

To hold paint (later used for toothpaste)

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15
Q

What did John L. Mason patent? What is a particular merit of his invention?

A

Mason Jar

convenient and forms tight seal (rubber)

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16
Q

What paper innovation was made in the late 1800s?

A

first US patents for corrugated paperboard

A.L. Jones

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17
Q

Early containers for milk were made of _____

A

glass (late 1800s)

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18
Q

Nabisco stands for: ____. They were the first company to use _____ on a large scale

A

national biscuit company

paperboard boxes

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19
Q

What plastic film was developed in early 1900s?

A

cellophane

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20
Q

The word ‘cellophane’ comes from: ________

A

cellulose + diaphane (French for transparent)

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21
Q

What is cellophane made from?

A

cellulose with added glycerol as plasticizer

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22
Q

What was foil wrapping first used for?

A

Life Savers, candy, gum, etc (early 1900s)

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23
Q

What was the first foil made from, and what is used today?

A

Tin (reactive, can impart off-flavor)

Aluminum used today

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24
Q

Advantages of foil wrapping over paper: (3)

A

shiny (pretty)
stronger
better barrier

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25
Q

What is known as both the best and worst invention?

A

plastic

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26
Q

first form of plastic made:

A

polyester

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27
Q

Chemical structure of plastics:

A

artificial polymer

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28
Q

First plastic bottles were made from:

A

PETE (polyethylene terephthalate)

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29
Q

What are advantages of plastic? (2)

A

cheap

durable

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30
Q

What are the disadvatages of plastic? (2)

A

difficult to break down

possible chemical migration?

31
Q

What became the most important packaging film in the world? Where was it discovered?

A

Polyethylene

England

32
Q

What forms of polyethylene exist?

A

PE
HDPE (high density)
LDPE (low density)
LLDPE (linear low density)

33
Q

What is thermoforming?

A

process of heating & forming sheet plastics (shrinkable film)

34
Q

Where did thermoforming originate?

A

France (1930s)

35
Q

Polyamide (PA) is also known commonly as _____. What was its first use in the food industry?

A

nylon

film packaging, molded parts in aerosol valves

36
Q

prior to its use in packaging, nylon was used in: ____

A

toothbrush bristles (by DuPont)

37
Q

What is “saran wrap”

A

polyvinylidene chloride (PVC)

high barrier material to extend shelf life of foods

38
Q

Who produced the first commercial aerosol cans?

A

Continental Can Company

39
Q

When were beverage cans introduced, and in what material?

A

Mid-1900s

Aluminum

40
Q

What can shrink wrap be used for? (3)

A

individual wrapping
bundling of packages/pallets
barrier

41
Q

What are ‘boil in bag” products?

A

heat stable packages; can put entire package in boiling water (convenient)

42
Q

Plastic tubs for ____ were the first to appear on marketplace

A

cottage cheese (1960s)

43
Q

What is ‘composite’ packaging?

A

packaging with combination of materials

44
Q

When was a new type of composite packaging for frozen juice developed? What were the materials?

A

1960s
(spiral wound composite juice cans)

paper + metal

45
Q

in the 1960s, milk jugs were developed from ______

A

HDPE

46
Q

True/False: beer cans were introduced a few years after other beverage cans

A

True

47
Q

What materials were used for coffee cans?

A

steel

plastic lids

48
Q

Mayonnaise is usually contained in a ______

A

HDPE jar

49
Q

large soft drink bottles are made from:

A

PETE (PET)

50
Q

what was the origin of the cash deposit for recyclable bottles? What is its purpose?

A 
Oregon (1972)
restrict packaging (envrionment)
51
Q

What is a UPC?

A

Universal Product Code

52
Q

How many characters can a UPC contain?

A

max: 30

53
Q

What do UPC codes allow?

A

fast scanning/identification/pricing of product (by laser)

54
Q

coffee can be contained in _____ pouches

A

metallized

55
Q

‘ageless oxygen absorbents’

What is their purpose?

A

absorb O2 to protect shelf life

56
Q

What is MAP? Where did it first appear

A

Modified Atmosphere Packaging

Germany

57
Q

What types of packets were developed to place into food packaging to protect shelf life?

A

ageless oxygen absorbers

ethanol vapor generators

58
Q

preservative packets can work by either absorbing ____ or releasing _____

A

oxygen

ethanol

59
Q

What is “FreshMax?”

A

oxygen absorbent label used in MAP processed meat

60
Q

What are reasons for growth of new packaging? (4)

A

industrial revolution
new materials/equipment
changing demographics
changes in merchandising

61
Q

Major changes caused by industrial revolution: (5)

A 
mass production began
shift from agriculture to factory work
new working class & urbanization
Increased transport of food
Growth of city food shops
62
Q

Modern day widespread use of packaging is made possible through: (2)

A

materials

high speed machinery

63
Q

How does changing demographics affect food packaging?

A

Increased need for convenience packages and portion control

more working, less meal prep time, away from home, singles, seniors

64
Q

How has changes in merchandising affected food packaging? (2)

A

small stores -> big supermalls/internet/warehouses

increased # of products
flashier, attractive packaging (competition)

65
Q

priorities of package development

A 
preserve/protect
convenience
marketing
material reduction
safety/tamper-proof
environmental issues
66
Q

1800s packaging developments

A

Appert: canning in glass jars

Durand: tin jars

Goffe Rand: tin extruded tubes

Mason Jars

Corrugated paperboard

glass milk bottle

paperboard boxes

67
Q

1910s developments:

A

cellophane

foil wrap

68
Q

1930s developments

A

polyethylene

thermoforming

nylon packaging

69
Q

1940s developments

A

PVC (saran wrap)

commercial aerosol cans

70
Q

1960s developments

A

aluminum cans

oriented shrink wrap

boil in bag products

plastic cottage cheese containers

spiral wound composite juice cans

HDPE milk jugs

Steel coffee cans

Screw-off closures for beer bottles

HDPE Mayo jars

71
Q

1970s developments

A

PETE plastic bottles for soft drinks

Oregon banned use of non-returnable bottles for soft drinks

UPC

MAP packs appear in Germany

Metallized pouches for coffee

ethanol spray to reduce mold on partially baked pizza

ageless O2 absorbers

MAPK appears in UK

72
Q

1980 Developments

A

ethanol vapor generators

73
Q

1990s developments

A

FreshMax used in MAP processed meats

Food Packaging (11 decks)

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