History Flashcards
What is the definition of ‘packaging?’
The enclosure of products, with at least one functional purpose (contain, protect, communicate, preserve, etc)
List the main functions of food packaging (8)
contain protect preserve transportation sanitation information convenience visual appeal
What was the first historically known type of packaging?
Egypt: cast/blown glass bottles, papyrus
What was the first case of package labelling?
Greece: labeled olive oil amphora handles (production date)
What is the main disadvantages of clay?
fragile and heavy
What special type of flexible packaging was developed in China? What unique properties did it have
Treated mulberry bark
act as insect deterrent
too complex to produce commercially
Where was papermaking developed?
China (hand production)
Where was paper commercialized on an industral scale?
Europe, then North America
machine production, improved quality
What was a simple invention in the 1500s to close bottles? What was the benefit?
Cork stoppers
sealing increased shelf life
What is Nicolas Appert famous for?
invention of heat preservation of food in glass containers (father of canning)
The first canning process was done using what packaging?
glass jars
What were the first metal food cans made of? Who invented it?
Tin
Peter Durand
Why were tin cans not very popular when first introduced?
No can opener available; didn’t exist until 50 years later
Who invented metal tin tubes, and for what inital purpose?
John Goffe Rand
To hold paint (later used for toothpaste)
What did John L. Mason patent? What is a particular merit of his invention?
Mason Jar
convenient and forms tight seal (rubber)
What paper innovation was made in the late 1800s?
first US patents for corrugated paperboard
A.L. Jones
Early containers for milk were made of _____
glass (late 1800s)
Nabisco stands for: ____. They were the first company to use _____ on a large scale
national biscuit company
paperboard boxes
What plastic film was developed in early 1900s?
cellophane
The word ‘cellophane’ comes from: ________
cellulose + diaphane (French for transparent)
What is cellophane made from?
cellulose with added glycerol as plasticizer
What was foil wrapping first used for?
Life Savers, candy, gum, etc (early 1900s)
What was the first foil made from, and what is used today?
Tin (reactive, can impart off-flavor)
Aluminum used today
Advantages of foil wrapping over paper: (3)
shiny (pretty)
stronger
better barrier
What is known as both the best and worst invention?
plastic
first form of plastic made:
polyester
Chemical structure of plastics:
artificial polymer
First plastic bottles were made from:
PETE (polyethylene terephthalate)
What are advantages of plastic? (2)
cheap
durable
What are the disadvatages of plastic? (2)
difficult to break down
possible chemical migration?
What became the most important packaging film in the world? Where was it discovered?
Polyethylene
England
What forms of polyethylene exist?
PE
HDPE (high density)
LDPE (low density)
LLDPE (linear low density)
What is thermoforming?
process of heating & forming sheet plastics (shrinkable film)
Where did thermoforming originate?
France (1930s)
Polyamide (PA) is also known commonly as _____. What was its first use in the food industry?
nylon
film packaging, molded parts in aerosol valves
prior to its use in packaging, nylon was used in: ____
toothbrush bristles (by DuPont)
What is “saran wrap”
polyvinylidene chloride (PVC)
high barrier material to extend shelf life of foods
Who produced the first commercial aerosol cans?
Continental Can Company
When were beverage cans introduced, and in what material?
Mid-1900s
Aluminum
What can shrink wrap be used for? (3)
individual wrapping
bundling of packages/pallets
barrier
What are ‘boil in bag” products?
heat stable packages; can put entire package in boiling water (convenient)
Plastic tubs for ____ were the first to appear on marketplace
cottage cheese (1960s)
What is ‘composite’ packaging?
packaging with combination of materials
When was a new type of composite packaging for frozen juice developed? What were the materials?
1960s
(spiral wound composite juice cans)
paper + metal
in the 1960s, milk jugs were developed from ______
HDPE
True/False: beer cans were introduced a few years after other beverage cans
True
What materials were used for coffee cans?
steel
plastic lids
Mayonnaise is usually contained in a ______
HDPE jar
large soft drink bottles are made from:
PETE (PET)
what was the origin of the cash deposit for recyclable bottles? What is its purpose?
Oregon (1972) restrict packaging (envrionment)
What is a UPC?
Universal Product Code
How many characters can a UPC contain?
max: 30
What do UPC codes allow?
fast scanning/identification/pricing of product (by laser)
coffee can be contained in _____ pouches
metallized
‘ageless oxygen absorbents’
What is their purpose?
absorb O2 to protect shelf life
What is MAP? Where did it first appear
Modified Atmosphere Packaging
Germany
What types of packets were developed to place into food packaging to protect shelf life?
ageless oxygen absorbers
ethanol vapor generators
preservative packets can work by either absorbing ____ or releasing _____
oxygen
ethanol
What is “FreshMax?”
oxygen absorbent label used in MAP processed meat
What are reasons for growth of new packaging? (4)
industrial revolution
new materials/equipment
changing demographics
changes in merchandising
Major changes caused by industrial revolution: (5)
mass production began shift from agriculture to factory work new working class & urbanization Increased transport of food Growth of city food shops
Modern day widespread use of packaging is made possible through: (2)
materials
high speed machinery
How does changing demographics affect food packaging?
Increased need for convenience packages and portion control
more working, less meal prep time, away from home, singles, seniors
How has changes in merchandising affected food packaging? (2)
small stores -> big supermalls/internet/warehouses
increased # of products
flashier, attractive packaging (competition)
priorities of package development
preserve/protect convenience marketing material reduction safety/tamper-proof environmental issues
1800s packaging developments
Appert: canning in glass jars
Durand: tin jars
Goffe Rand: tin extruded tubes
Mason Jars
Corrugated paperboard
glass milk bottle
paperboard boxes
1910s developments:
cellophane
foil wrap
1930s developments
polyethylene
thermoforming
nylon packaging
1940s developments
PVC (saran wrap)
commercial aerosol cans
1960s developments
aluminum cans
oriented shrink wrap
boil in bag products
plastic cottage cheese containers
spiral wound composite juice cans
HDPE milk jugs
Steel coffee cans
Screw-off closures for beer bottles
HDPE Mayo jars
1970s developments
PETE plastic bottles for soft drinks
Oregon banned use of non-returnable bottles for soft drinks
UPC
MAP packs appear in Germany
Metallized pouches for coffee
ethanol spray to reduce mold on partially baked pizza
ageless O2 absorbers
MAPK appears in UK
1980 Developments
ethanol vapor generators
1990s developments
FreshMax used in MAP processed meats
