History

Question 1

Brochs

Answer 1

Large stone structures built during the neolithic era.

Question 2

Picts

Answer 2

• The descendants of the indigenous Iron Age people of northern Scotland
• Brochs were the early version of castles. 2000yag

Question 3

Human ancestors

Answer 3

That earliest human ancestors evolved from a species that lived 6-8 million years ago

And

That ancestral species (last common ancestor) we share with African apes, also gave rise to chimpanzees and gorillas.

Question 4

Who was the father of evolution?

Answer 4

Charles Darwin the first to explain the basic mechanics of the evolutionary process - (natural selection)

Question 5

Zeitgeist

Answer 5

“general trend of thought and feeling in an era”

Question 6

What is Fixity of the Species?

Answer 6

once created, a species never changes

Question 7

Who was James Ussher
1581-1656

Answer 7

• Irish Archbishop
• Supported the concept of earth’s brief existance

Question 8

When was the new world discovered and what did that cause?

Answer 8

• 1490
• Exploration of the new flora and fauna, giving rise to the idea of biological diversity

Question 9

Who was John Ray?

Answer 9

• Father of natural histroy
• Developed the concept of species

Question 10

What is the definition of species?

Answer 10

differentiated groups on basis of ability to mate with each other and produce fertile offspring

Question 11

Who was Carolus Linnaeus?

Answer 11

• Classification of plants and animals
• Standardized Rays genus and species – adding class and order
• Established binomial nomenclature- “two names”
• (as in Homo sapien)
• Four level system is basis for taxonomy (classification system of today)
• He did believe in fixity of species

Question 12

Who was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck?

Answer 12

• First Scientist attempting to explain the evolutionary process
• Inheritance of acquired characteristics
• Use-disuse theory
• Emphasizes interaction between environment and organism in evolutionary process

•Trait acquired by an animal during its lifetime can be passed on to offspring-Giraffe

Question 14

Catastrophism

Answer 14

The theory that changes in the earth’s crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events.

Question 15

Who was Charles Lyell?

Answer 15

• Father of Geology
• Formalized Hutton’s Theory of Uniformitarianism

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Question 16

Who was Mary Anning?

Answer 16

• Contributor to the discipline of paleontology
• Found first complete fossilized fishlike marine reptile Pleiosaurus

Question 17

Who was Alfred Russel Wallace?

Answer 17

• Paper suggesting that species descended from other species and were influenced by environment (1855)

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Question 18

Why do Finches have differernt beak sizes?

Answer 18

•while similar in many traits, they appeared to differ in their beaks, thus Capable of adapting to different food niches…

Question 19

What is the Processes of Natural Selection?

Answer 19

1. Species can produce offspring at a faster rate than food supplies increase.
2. There is biological variation within all species.
3. In each generation, more individuals are produced than can survive.
4. Individuals that possess favorable traits or variations are more likely to survive and produce offspring.
5. Environmental context determines whether a trait is beneficial.
6. Traits are inherited and passed on to the next generation.
7. Variations accumulate over long periods of time, so later generations may be distinct from ancestral ones.
8. As populations respond to pressures over time, they may become distinct species, descended from a common ancestor.

Question 21

What is the Evolutionary Change
Through Natural Selection?

Answer 21

1. A trait must be inherited if natural selection is to act on it.
2. Natural selection can’t occur without population variation in inherited characteristics.
3. Fitness is a relative measure that changes as the environment changes.
4. Natural selection can only act on traits that affect reproduction.

Question 22

What is Modern Synthesis?

Answer 22

•The ability to combine genetics and natural history attracted many other biologists to join in the effort to find a unified explanation of how evolution happens. Their combined work, known as “The Modern Synthesis,“

Question 23

What is microevolution?

Answer 23

Evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period.

Question 24

What is macroevolution?

Answer 24

Major evolutionary change. The term applies mainly to the evolution of whole taxonomic groups over long periods of time.

Question 25

What is Phenotypic plasticity?

Answer 25

• It is the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment. The concept was proposed by Mary Jane West-Eberhard
• (e.g. morphological, physiological, behavioural, phenological)