History 373 Exam 1

Question 1

The Great Chain of Being and social order in 16th century England

Answer 1

-structure of all life and matter believed to be designed by God
-Order:
King, Nobles, Gentlemen, Yeomen(independent usually farmers), Husbandmen (cultivates land), Cottagers, Laborers
-Give people a purpose/importance
-how each class contributes to society’s success

Question 2

What is the importance of the Battle of Bosworth Field,1485

Answer 2

-King Richard III died during this battle (the last English monarch to die in battle)
-Mark the end of the Plantagenet dynasty
-Henry became King Henry VII
-Henry won the battle bc some of Richard’s allies either switched sides or remained inactive during the battle

Question 3

*(find one abt Auld Alliance) Henry VII’s Foreign Policy towards France, Scotland, and the Auld Alliance?

Answer 3

-France: Treaty of Étaples= Henry withdraw his army in exchange for a subsidy of 5,000 pounds for 15 years to keep him at bay.
-Scotland: Diplomatic marriage w/Henry’s daughter Margaret; Treaty of Perpetual Peace of 1502: attempt to end the conflict between Scotland and England

Question 4

*Henry VII’s Foreign Policy towards Ireland?

Answer 4

-tested a method for governing Ireland
-He appointed Lord Lieutenant Jasper Tudor whose authority was exercised by a Lord Deputy in Ireland

Question 5

*Henry VII’s Foreign Policy towards John Cabot and exploration in North America?

Answer 5

-saw opportunity to seize a piece of action from Spain and Portugal and find new markets by assisting John Cabot and his sons in their voyages

Question 6

Henry VII’s domestic policies restored order, improved the treasury and produced a stable kingdom towards Yorkists?

Answer 6

-marriage w/Elizabeth??

Question 7

Henry VII’s domestic policies restored order, improved the treasury and produced a stable kingdom towards marriages of note?

Answer 7

-Marriage between Henry VII and Elizabeth of York: uniting the Yorkists and Lancastrians
-Strengthened his claim to the throne and weakened other Yorkist’s claim
-(?) Treaty of Medina del Campo (England and Spain): Marriage between Arthur (England) and Catherine of Aragon (Spain)

Question 8

Henry VII’s domestic policies restored order, improved the treasury and produced a stable kingdom the problem of pretenders to the throne (Perkins Warbeck, Lambert Simnel)?

Answer 8

-Goal: To overthrow King Henry VII
-Perkins Warbeck: imposter and pretender to be Richard III,Duke of York who is the brother of Elizabeth of York (Henry VII wife)
-Lambert Simnel: imposter and pretender to be Edward, Earl of Warwick the son off Edward IV’s brother, the Duke of Clarence

Question 9

Economic issues of trade, enclosure, and taxation

Answer 9

-Many houses rebuilt after being destroyed to free up arable land for farming
-Unpopular with ruling classes
-(1524)Wolsey accept all existing enclosures; limited control over nobility

-Wolsey aim in finances: to raise money to fund war against France
-Wolsey used a ‘General Prescription’ to survey the population’s taxable wealth and therefore tax accordingly and realistically. It angered the nobility and gentry as there was a greater burden on the wealthy; they were targeted for abusing their aristocratic privileges
-The Amicable Grant was a tax to raise funds for another French war. It was met with rebellion in East Anglia and Suffolk; Wolsey abandoned the Grant and never taxed again.
-

Question 10

Courts and justice

Answer 10

-Wolsey shifted from Roman Law to Civil Law
-Nobility resented Wolsey for his work in the Star Chamber bc they were targeted for their abuses of their aristocratic privileges

Question 11

Henry VIII’s foreign policy (Scotland, France, HRE - even Ireland and Wales)
War w/France

Answer 11

Why war w/France:
-Henry 8th to seized Boulogne
-When Henry split from the Catholic Church, the Pope demanded the Catholic Monarchs invade and dethrone Henry
-Anglo~French Treaty 1514: a peace treaty between the two; strengthened by the marriage of Princess Mary (henry’s sister) and Louis XII of France
-French King had to pay a fee to keep Henry at bay

Question 12

Henry VIII’s foreign policy (Scotland, France, HRE - even Ireland and Wales)

War w/Scotland

Question 13

Henry VIII’s foreign policy (Scotland, France, HRE - even Ireland and Wales)
Governing Wales

Answer 13

-Under Henry’s Control & religion, culture, way of living, etc were being oppressed.

Question 14

Henry VIII’s foreign policy (Scotland, France, HRE - even Ireland and Wales)
Addressing Ireland

Answer 14

-Lord Deputy Kildare (Catholic; Anglo-Irish):
~Serves King’s Interest unless they were someway to play the King
~Butler Klan competitors to Kildare
~English controls Pale-other parts are called Wild Irish (not controlled)

Question 15

Henry VIII’s foreign policy (Scotland, France, HRE - even Ireland and Wales)
Francis I, Charles V, Clement VII

Answer 15

Francis I and Charles V (with James V) signed the Treaty of London (1518): Peace Treaty
-Battle of Pavia:
~The war between France (Francis I) and HRE (Charles V) w/Comrades England
~King Francis was captured and imprisoned by Charles V. Forced to sign Treaty of Madrid: surrenders significant territory
~Francis I signed a secret agreement w/Pope Clement VII who pledged not to aid Charles in exchange for Francis’s assistance w/conquest of Naples

Question 16

Henry VIII’s Act that separated England from Rome (and their consequences)
Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates (1532)

Answer 16

-People could not appeal to the Pope to overturn
Henry’s rulings on the church
-Payment of agnates to the pope withheld , pending statutory abolition

Question 17

Henry VIII’s Act that separated England from Rome (and their consequences)
Supplication against the Ordinaries (1532)

Answer 17

-Petition passed by House of Commons
-result of grievances against Church of England prelates and the clergy
-Means a cleric with ordinary jurisdiction over a specified territory

Question 18

Henry VIII’s Act that separated England from Rome (and their consequences)
Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533)

Answer 18

People could not appeal to the Pope to overturn Henry’s Ruling on the church

Question 19

Henry VIII’s Act that separated England from Rome (and their consequences)
Act of Supremacy (1534)

Answer 19

Defined the right of Henry VII to be supreme head on earth of the Chruch of England

Question 20

Henry’s Advisors and Influencers:
Privy Council

Answer 20

a group of men who were advisers to the King. It included a variety of men including those from the religious sector to very important state offices,

Question 21

Outcomes of the break with Rome: Dissolution of religious houses (monasteries, convents, chantries, hospitals, etc.)

Answer 21

-Suppression of Religious Houses Act (1535&1539): those funded by the Church
-Land +Wealth: silver, candle sticks, Chalice, etc
-Priests could get married

Question 22

Outcomes of the break with Rome:Foreign affairs

Answer 22

(?) -By the Act of Succession of March 1534, subjects were ordered to accept the king’s marriage to Anne as “undoubted, true, sincere and perfect.
-(?)A second Statute “in Restraint of Annates” severed most of the financial ties with Rome, and in November the constitutional revolution was solemnized in the Act of Supremacy, which announced that Henry Tudor was and always had been “Supreme Head of the Church of England”; not even the qualifying phrase “as far as the law of Christ allows” was retained.

Question 23

Outcomes of the break with Rome:Pilgrimage of Grace

Answer 23

Reverse the cause of Henry VIII:
-Restore Catherine of Aragon’s Position
-Ended oppression of religious house
-Restoration of old church: make Henry step down

Question 24

The Rough Wooing

Answer 24

-Henry 8th orderd an invasion of Scotland bc he wanted to bring an end to the Auld Alliance and angry that the Treaty of Greenwich (Scot agreed Mary Stuart would marry Henry’s son Edward) had been rejected

Question 25

Edward VI’s Reformations:
First Book of Common Prayer

Answer 25

-abolished the Latin mass in England
-It was viewed as a compromise between old and new ideas and was in places diplomatically ambiguous in its implied teaching; it aroused opposition from both conservatives and the more extreme reformers.

Question 26

Edward VI’s Reformations:
Prayer Book Rebellion

Answer 26

Religious anger was because people were suffering under the huge taxes that had to be paid to fund the army in Scotland. An army of ordinary people captured the city of Exeter in Devon.
-The Battle of Sampford Courtenay: the end of the rebellion; On January 27th 1550= Humphrey Arundell and other rebel leaders were executed at Tyburn

Question 27

Edward VI’s Reformations:
Kett’s Rebellion

Answer 27

Led: Farmer Robert Kept
Why:
-The nobility and rising merchant classes began enclosing common land to graze their own sheep, removing accessible land from farming villagers and small farmers
-Parliment (Thomas Cranmer) imposed a new Book of Common Prayer(1549): People who supported Henry’s Dissolution of the Monasteries found themselves faced with supporting the crown or following their own religious beliefs
Who: Kent became the leader of the rebellion by listening to the rebels when they came to trash his land
-Kett believed justice should apply equally to all regardless of social standing or wealth
-Robert Kept was executed by hanging in the castle after the defeat of the Norfolk rebellion
-Failure:
London remained entirely loyal to the crown and government was willing to negotiate w/protestors but felt it had to treat outright rebels harshly

Question 28

Edward VI’s Reformations:
Second Book of Common Prayer

Answer 28

-The revision made great changes in its text and ceremonies, all in a Protestant direction.
-taken to weaken identity and catholic antiquity departed from

Question 29

Edward VI’s Reformations:
42 Articles of Religion (1553)

Answer 29

-revived Catholic beliefs like transubstantiation and sacrifice of the Mass, and affirm the supremacy of the scripture. Allowed clergy to marry and affirm right of the monarch to influence church policy

Question 30

Mary I:
Lady Jane Grey’s challenge (Nine Days Queen)

Answer 30

-In Edward VI will, he chose Jane bc she was committed Protestant and would support the reformed Church of England (bc Mary was Catholic)
-Queen for nine day s

Question 31

Mary I:
Wyatt’s Rebellion & Guild Hall Speech

Answer 31

-Who: Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger
-Reason: To prevent Queen Mary I from Marrying Prince Philip of Spain to remedy grievances caused by the poor state of the economy. to improve the personal wealth and status of certain nobles
-Protestant fear of consequences of there being a Catholic monarch
-Fear of introduction of Spanish Inquisition

Question 32

Mary I:
Restoration of Catholicism & Cardinal Reginald Pole

Answer 32

-New Parliament
-restriction of marriage on Priests= divorce/kick out wife or leave to the new world and live happily
-Eivdence of Iconoclasm (praying to objects; religious objects like painting/statues) destruction

Question 33

Mary I:
Mary’s health issues, false pregnancy, and death

Answer 33

-suffered fantasy pregnancy (her stomach was swelling and morning sickness)
-weak and ill possibly from ovarian cysts or uterine cancer
-suffered dropsy (excess fluid trapped in your body’s tissue)

Question 34

Mary I:
Martyrs (Latimer, Ridley, Cranmer, etc.)

Answer 34

-execution of key protestants: Mary’s created- executed fro a cause
-All three and others were burned at stake for heresy (belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious)

Question 35

Mary I:
Marriage to Philip of Naples (later Philip II of Spain)

Answer 35

-Unionized England and Spain
-Mary’s hysterical pregnancy
-Philip against burning heretics

Question 36

Henry VIII’s reign in terms of his foreign and domestic policies

Answer 36

-main objectives: secure his dynasty, create peace, and get international recognition
-Domestic Policy objective: accumulation of finances
- to quell all the revolts so that his position could be secured and so he could concentrate on the proper administration of the country.

• As ‘money’ and economic stability was essential for the proper and efficient implementation of his policies, his major concentration was on accumulation of finances.
• For ending the power of the barons the King established a new monarchy. He established a special court of the Stuart Chamber. He reduced the power of the feudal lords. He imposed heavy fines on nobles who were found disobeying the regulations of the King.
• He increased the foreign trade of the country so that the wealth and prosperity of the country could be increased.
  -His policies, both domestic and foreign brought prestige to England and credit to Tudors.

Question 37

Impact of the Reformation on England and origins of the various fits and starts of Reformation in England during the reigns of Henry, Edward, and Mary

Answer 37

Henry:
-declared he was the head of the church in England and broke away from the Roman Catholic Church bc of not getting a divorce
Edward:
-established the Books of Common Prayer
-Removal of all images/stautes from the church (Protestant thought they should pray to faith not a statue)
-Repeal Henry VIII’s Treason Act, Act for Burning Heretics, and Six Articles (people forced to obey Henry 8th)
Mary I:
-revived England’s heresy laws and burned them at stake
-restoration of Catholicism (brought back religious images and statues)

Question 38

Comparison between Henry VII and Henry VIII

Answer 38

-Catholic
-Ties with the Church and made contributions
-Both had Money issues
-feared being invaded by foreign countries and had build positive relations with foreign countries to maintain credibility and protecting their country

Question 39

Henry VIII’s Domestic Policies

Answer 39

1. Tax efficiently to avoid corruption
2. Protect men from profiteering and enclosures
3. Opportunities to demonstrate the wealth of England
4. Remove Personal Opposition (Privy Chamber and parliament)

Question 40

Catholic vs Protestant (Reformation information)

Answer 40

Catholic:
-Papal authority and church fathers
-Bible
-Traditions
-7 Sacraments: Baptism, Communication, reconciliation, confirmation, marriage/Holy Orders, etc
-Mass= literacy
Protestant:
-Bible
-Baptism
-Religious Service
-Communion/ Eucharist

Question 41

Henry’s VII domestic policies restored order, improved the treasury and produced a stable kingdom towards Yorkists

Answer 41

-unified marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York : united Kingdoms York line and Lancastrians fighting for decades in the War of the Roses

Question 42

“The King’s Great Matter” and his quest for a male heir: Wolsey, Campeggio, and continental events influencing Henry Choices

Answer 42

Wolsey:
-Treaty of the More (1525) : Eng and France will be at peace
-failed negotiate annulment of Henry and Catherine
-Statue of Praemunire (limit power of papacy)
-legal and religious power gave him opportunities to influence most decisions
Campeggio:
Henry’s lawyer (?) and tried to convince Catherine to join a covent to make the divorce easier

Question 43

“The King’s Great Matter” and his quest for a male heir: Holy Maid of Kent’s Warning

Answer 43

-Elizabeth Barton(nun) said she received a message from God saying that Henry’s divorce would be contrary to his will; if Henry married Anne the vengeance of God would plague him. Next yr, she told him that if he divorced Catherine and married Anne, he would die a shameful and miserable death within the month
-, Henry was still very much alive, and he wanted an example made of the nun who had insulted him. Elizabeth was detained and taken before Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey’s successor as Henry’s enforcer. She confessed to him that her visions were imaginary, her trances faked and her prophesies lies.After being kept in miserable conditions in the Tower of London for months she was found guilty of treason and heresy and sentenced to die, together with five of her adherents, all monks and priests. Sir Thomas More had quietly withdrawn his support.

Question 44

“The King’s Great Matter” and his quest for a male heir:
Henry & Anne’s secret marriage

Answer 44

-married her in secret so the baby wouldn’t be born out of wedlock
- The marriage was kept in the strictest secrecy because Henry, of course, didn’t have permission from the pope to remarry.
-technically still married to Catherine of Aragon

Question 45

“The King’s Great Matter” and his quest for a male heir: Henry’s divorce from Catherine (1533)

Answer 45

-catheirne was unable to give Henry a male heir (Mary was the only living byproduct)
-says his marriage to catherine was against God’s law since she was his brother’s wife before his death
-Henry forced Catherine to spend her last years isolated from all public life
-got rid of her title as Queen and Mary’s title as princess/heir to lady in waiting. Believed to be assigned taking care of Elizabeth

Question 46

Henry 8th Act that separated England from Rome (and their consequences):
Ten Articles (1536)

Answer 46

-related to doctrines:
1. That Holy Scriptures and the three Creeds are the basis and summary of a true Christian faith.
2. That baptism conveys remission of sins and the regenerating grace of the Holy Spirit,and is absolutely necessary as well for children as adults.
3. That penance consists of contrition, confession, and reformation, and is necessary to salvation.
4. That the body and blood of Christ are really present in the elements of the eucharist.
5. That justification is remission of sin and reconciliation to God by the merits of Christ; but good works are necessary.
-Related to ceremonies:
1. That images are useful as remembrances, but are not objects of worship.
2. That saints are to be honored as examples of life, and as furthering our prayers.
3. That saints may be invoked as intercessors, and their holydays observed.
4. That ceremonies are to be observed for the sake of their mystical signification, and as conducive to devotion.
5. That prayers for the dead are good and useful, but the efficacy of papal pardon, and of soul-masses offered at certain localities, is negatived.

Question 47

Henry 8th Act that separated England from Rome (and their consequences):
Six Articles of Faith (1539)

Answer 47

First, whether in the most .blessed Sacrament of the altar remaineth, after the consecration, the substance of bread and wine, or no.

Secondly, whether it be necessary by God’s law that all men should be communicate with both kinds, or no.

Thirdly, whether priests, that is to say, men dedicate to God by priesthood, may, by the law of God, marry after, or no.

Fourthly, whether vow of chastity or widowhood, made to God advisedly by man or woman, be, by the law of God, to be observed, or no.

Fifthly, whether private masses stand with the law of God, and be to be used and continued in the Church and congregation of England, as things whereby good Christian people may and do receive both godly consolation and wholesome benefits, or no.

Sixthly, whether auricular confession is necessary to be retained, continued, used, and frequented in the Church, or no.

Question 48

Henry Adivsors and Influencers: Cardinal Wolsey

Answer 48

• In the last years of H VII’s reign he gained patronage at court under Bishop Fox, one of the King’s most trusted councilors.
• Under HVIII he exploited favour of Richard Fox to be promoted to office of Royal Almoner, official responsible for distributing left-over food from palace kitchens to the poor who gathered outside.
• It was his organizational skills and ability to guess what the King wanted to hear that allowed him to progress further.
• In 1512, King entrusted Wolsey to organize expedition to France in 1513. He organized transport, supplies and equipment for 30,000-strong army. Expedition was a success and Wolsey was drawn into the following peace negotiations.
• Henry deeply impressed by Wolsey’s efficiency in success and engineered his rapid promotion. By 1514 Wolsey in charge of all major business. Wolsey angered members of court due to ruthlessness.
• Henry supported Wolsey’s career as the Pope’s representative in England. Pope makes Wolsey Cardinal, and later Papal Legate, due to pressure from him and Henry.
• 1524: Granted the title ‘Legatus a latere’ (Papal Legate but with additional powers that meant he could act on behalf of the Pope).
• He could now give leadership or reject those who wanted to reform the Church in England.

Question 49

Henry Adivsors and Influencers: Sir Thomas More

Answer 49

-English lawyer
-key counselor to King Henry VIII of England
-refused to swear oath in the Act of Succession/refusing ti accept Henry as Supreme Head of the Church

Question 50

Henry Adivsors and Influencers: Sir Thomas Cromwell

Answer 50

-cheif minister to Henry 8th
-establishing the reformations in england, dissolution of monasteries, and strengthening the royal administration
-(?) charged of treason, heresy, corruption and plotting to marry princess Mary

Question 51

Henry Adivsors and Influencers: Boelyns

Answer 51

-married Anne Boleyn
-Boleyn family high in status ((ambitious courtier and nice of duke of Norfolk)
-worked to capitalize Henry interest in the family and maybe to place Thomas Boleyn’s advancements in status

Question 52

Henry Adivsors and Influencers: Howards

Answer 52

-Thomas Howard 2nd Duke of Norfolk was a councillor and military commander for the kings Henry VII and Henry VIII

Question 53

Henry Adivsors and Influencers: Anne Boleyn

Answer 53

-Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.
-Henry married her in 1533
-May 1536 and was accused of accused of adultery and gets her head cut off. One day after her execution he marries jane seymour

Question 54

Henry’s relationship with Jane Seymour

Answer 54

Third wife of Henry VIII who gave birth to Edward VI and died during childbirth

Question 55

Edward VI’s Advisors: Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset

Answer 55

-the Protector of England during part of the minority of King Edward VI
- tried, unsuccessfully, to persuade the Scots to join a voluntary union with England, but, when his appeal was rejected, he destroyed all chances of reconciliation by invading Scotland and defeating the Scots at the Battle of Pinkie (Sept. 10, 1547)
- the first Book of Common Prayer, which was imposed (1549) by an Act of Uniformity by Somerset, offered a compromise between Roman Catholic and Protestant learning.
-attempted to aid the rural poor by forbidding enclosures—that is, the taking of arable common land by the propertied classes to use as pasturage—and this action led to his downfall. The landowners foiled his efforts; the desperate peasants revolted in Norfolk under the leadership of Robert Kett; and in October 1549 Somerset was swept from power and imprisoned by a coalition of Warwick and the propertied classes
-imprisoned on charge of treason and executed

Question 56

Edward VI’s Advisors: John Dudley, duke of Northumberland

Answer 56

-English politician and soldier who was virtual ruler of England from 1549 to 1553, during the minority of King Edward VI.
-member of the regency council set up to govern the country during the minority of Edward VI
-Warwick’s military ability was chiefly responsible for Somerset’s victory over the Scots at Pinkie in September 1547.
-But in 1549 Warwick took advantage of popular unrest generated by Somerset’s policies to join with the propertied classes and the Roman Catholics in a coalition that deposed and imprisoned the protector.
-Warwick was now in complete control of the government.
-Warwick’s foreign policy included the abandonment of English efforts to obtain control of Scotland. At home he reversed Somerset’s liberal agrarian policies by suppressing peasants who resisted enclosure—normally the taking by propertied classes of arable land held in common by the peasants. In continuing the consolidation of the Protestant Reformation in England, he seized for himself and his henchmen much of the remaining wealth of the Church. A second Book of Common Prayer was imposed by another Act of Uniformity (1552).
-Proclaimed Jane Grey as Queen of England
-Executed for treason when surrendered to Mary’s forced