HIST Exam 2 Flashcards
Council of Elizabeth:
Less Involvements
Guard Resources
Less Conflicts
-William Cecil: Secretary of State (-1573) the treasurer
-Nicholas Beacon, Keeper of Great Seal
-Francis Knollys, vice chamberlain, treasurer of household
-Thomas Radcliffe, president of North (earl of Sussex)
Council of Elizabeth:
More Involvements
Engagement of England in Conflicts
-Robert Dudley, master of Horse
-Christopher Hatton, lord Chancellor
-Francis Walsingham, Secretary of State (after 1573) spymaster
Elizabeth’s image and personality
Image:
-cared abt outer appearance/ cared about her image
-controlled every aspect of her name like coined it: controlled how she is shown to the public, books, etc.
-Virgin Queen
Personality:
-Intelligent: performed especially well at learning languages and in the arts and music.
-Ambitious: wanted to convert her nation back to her religion, and did so, like she said she would.
-Independent: She didn’t want to share power with a suitor, so she chose to remain single. She handled this diplomatically by using her wide range of suitors to her political advantage. She proved that a single woman has just as much potential to rule as a single man, or married man or woman, as she ruled gloriously for 44 years.
-Loyal: She was also extremely committed to her religion of Protestantism. By staying loyal to her religion, she was able to ease the tension between different religious factions when she first rose to the throne.
-Determined: She argued to remain single, and achieved her goal. She was determined to convert England back to Protestantism and succeeded in that venture as well.
Domestic issues of Elizabeth I era
-Issues concerning an heir: Elizabeth remains unwed and with no children= who will be the next heir?
-(1562) Smallpox scare
-Parliament in 1559 and 1563 petitioned Elizabeth to marry
Puritans
-Vestiarian Controversy: dealt with the question of whether clerical vestments—declared to be “popish” by some—were theologically important
-Thomas Cartwright: Lectures in 1570; inveighed bitterly against the hierarchy and constitution of the Anglican Church, which he compared unfavourably with the primitive Christian organization.
-Anti-Episcopacy movement: getting rid of bishops and models after the church in Scotland
-Prophesying Controversy:
~What were “prophesying”:
Some Puritans valued good preaching above the services laid down in the Prayer Book. During the 1570s, groups of clergymen began to meet to hear sermons from good preachers. These meetings were called prophesyings and were viewed as dangerous by Elizabeth as they threatened her position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
~Archbishop of Canterbury: Grindal: refused to ban prophesying and was suspended
~Archbishop of Canterbury: Whitgift: replaced Grindal
~Act against Puritans, 1593: culmination of the measures taken by Elizabeth to repress Puritanism
The religion of the Elizabeth I era
-protestant
-“mingle mangle”
-Protestants against Catholics (several insults)
-the act of uniformity
-book of common prayer
-treason act
-thirty-nine articles
-“I have no desire to make windows into men’s souls” = Elizabeth not concerned w/Inward conformity, more concerned about outward conformity
Unrest and Rebellions of the Elizabeth I era
-Northern Rebellion: Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmoreland = In the eyes of many Catholics, at home and abroad, Mary was considered the rightful Queen of England. They, like Mary herself, believed Elizabeth was illegitimate, as they did not recognize her father’s marriage to her mother, Anne Boleyn. Mary also had what Elizabeth did not: a son.
-Threat of Babington Plot 1586: Plan:
1. The plan was for the Duke of Guise to invade with 60,000 men, overthrow Elizabeth, and put Mary on the throne. Both King Phillip II of Spain and the Pope supported the plan
- Failure: Babington wrote a letter to Mary explaining the plan. In the letter, he mentioned the need to ‘dispatch the usurper’ (‘kill Elizabeth’). Francis Walsingham had placed spies in the castle who encouraged Mary that it was safe to reply to the letter using a cipher hidden in beer barrels. When Mary wrote a letter agreeing to the plan she had fallen into Walsingham’s trap and committed treason.
- Consequences: Babington was arrested and executed for treason. Mary was put on trial for plotting against Elizabeth and was found guilty. It was recommended that Elizabeth have Mary executed.
-Revolts of Earls (1569)
-Rising of the North
*Martial politics of the Elizabeth I era
-Elizabeth does not want to marry
-Elizabeth had some marital suitors
-Parliament tried to get her married but didn’t work
-Continents:
~Charles IX of France (young)
~Eric XIV of Sweden (same age)
~Archduke Charles of Austria (around 18)
-England:
~Henry FitzAlan, earl of Arundel
~William Pickering
~Robert Dudley
Catholic Plots against her life
-Ridolfi Plot: The plan was to have the Duke of Alba invade from the Netherlands with 10,000 men, foment a rebellion of the northern English nobility, murder Elizabeth, and marry Mary to Thomas Howard.
-Throckmorton Plot: led by Sir Francis Throckmorton and aimed to replace Elizabeth with Mary, Queen of Scots
-Babbington Plot: was a plan to assassinate the protestant Elizabeth I, and put her cousin, the Roman Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, on the English throne.
*Parliaments of the Elizabeth I era
Elizabeth tightly controlled Parliament
Parliament could only meet if Elizabeth called it, and she set the agenda.
Parliament could only talk about what Elizabeth allowed it to discuss.
Elizabeth mainly used Parliament to grant her taxes - this was her main income.
Elizabeth could close (prorogue) Parliament at any time.
Parliament only met 13 times in her 45 year reign for an average of three weeks per year.
Elizabeth made sure her Privy Councillors sat in Parliament to help control proceedings.
*Foreign Affairs of the Elizabeth I era
-Treaty of Chateau: marking the end of the 65-year (1494–1559) struggle between France and Spain for the control of Italy, leaving Habsburg Spain the dominant power there for the next 150 years.
-Treaty of Berwick (1560): an agreement made between the English and the group of Protestant Scottish nobles known as the Lords of the Congregation to pursue the removal from Scotland of the French troops who are defending the regency of Marie de Guise.
*Scotland’s issues of the Elizabeth I era
-Treaty of Berwick: The purpose was to agree the terms under which an English fleet and army would come to Scotland to expel the French troops who were defending the Regency of Mary of Guis
-Treaty of Edinburgh: led to the withdrawal of English and French soldiers and left Scotland to settle its own affairs
-John Knox:
Lords of the Congregation,Great Council fo Scotland (John Knox and Calvinist):
~To transform Scotland into a Protestant
~Doesn’t want Scotland to align w/Catholic Power
-Perth Riots and John Knox: . a violent sermon at Perth against Catholic “idolatry,” causing a riot
-Presbyterianism: belonging or relating to a Protestant church, found especially in Scotland or the United States, which is governed by a body of official people all of equal rank.
Mary Queen of Scots of Elizabeth I era
-Why was Mary Queen of Scots a threat 1558- 68?:
1. Next in line to the throne after Elizabeth: whilst Elizabeth remained unmarried with no heir Mary had a lot to gain by Elizabeth being overthrown.
2. Catholic: so had the support of many English Catholics and France through marriage.
3. Lord Darnley: In 1567 she murdered her husband, Lord Darnley, and fled to England. Darnley was Elizabeth’s cousin, so Mary
had proven she could kill a member of the royal family to achieve her aims
- Explain why Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1887:
1. Elizabeth’s advisors and parliament: most of Parliament and all of Elizabeth’s advisors were Protestant. In 1584 Parliament passed the Bond of Association; anyone involved in plotting against Elizabeth would be executed.
2. Mary’s own actions: declared herself the rightful queen in 1558. Murdered her husband Lord Darnley (Elizabeth’s cousin). Broke the Bond of Association during the Babington Plot in 1586 when she signed a letter agreeing to ‘dispatch the usurper’.
3. Foreign threats: Pope excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570, protestant leader of the Netherlands William of Orange assassinated in 1584.
4. Plots at home: Revolt of the Northern Earls 1569, Rifolfi 1571, Throckmorton 1583, and Babington 1586 plots all aimed to overthrow Elizabeth and Replace her with Mary.
*France’s issues of the Elizabeth I era
-Treaty of Chateau~Cambresis (1559): agreement marking the end of the 65-year (1494–1559) struggle between France and Spain for the control of Italy, leaving Habsburg Spain the dominant power there for the next 150 years
-The Guise Family: Mary of Guise = treaty of Edinburgh = allowed lords of congregation to take leadership role
-St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: when the Catholic faction, fearing a Huguenot uprising, assassinated the leading Protestants who were there for a royal wedding. The massacre erupted after years of religious tension in France, beginning with the spread of the ‘new teachings’ of the Protestant Reformation
-Wars of religion (1562-98): a struggle between French Protestants who wanted freedom to practice their religion and Catholics who saw themselves as defenders of the true faith.
*The Papacy of Elizabeth I era
-Pope Pius V: Excommunication Elizabeth and encourage Catholic countries to intervene
-Ridolfi Plot(1571): Pope’s agency to get Mary of Scots on the throne
-Excommunication of Elizabeth I bc she was heretic, a person believing in or practicing religious heresy.
-Catholic Missionary priests
