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History 373 > HIST FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

HIST FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

Charles I Personal Rule, 1629-40

A

-11 years of personal rule w/o parliament
-1629 peace w/france
-1630 peace w/madrid -w/spain
-new rules for governmental institutions
-policy of “thorough”:
~more efficient gov = mindful w/finances

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2
Q

Fiscal issues of Charles I

A

-sir Richard Weston, earl of Portland (lord treasurer)
-2 mil pounds in debt, 1629
-cost of royal kids = 5 children
-creative finance yielded annual rewards:
~decrease pensions, increase fines on catholics
~fines on gentlemen of 40 pounds freeholds
~sale of crown lands
~special patents and licenses like monopolies
~ship money, 1634 & money crate

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3
Q

Charles I and Church of England: Archbishop William Laud & Laudin religious reform

A

-Archbishop William Laud:
~new bishop of Canbury
~condemned in Parliament
~return of conservative religious practices
~enforcement

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4
Q

The Beauty of Holiness

A

-Charles I appreciate thr turd bc rules: good works, attend church, sacraments, vestments surplice, church alters, church nails, etc.
-Beauty of Holiness: making the choices that will keep the Holy Ghost as our guide.

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5
Q

Charles I and the Puritans:
The “Great Migration” to Massachusetts

A

-English puritans migrated to New England, the Chesapeake and the West Indies.
-The Puritans left England primarily due to religious persecution but also for economic reasons as well.
-The puritans were a sect of religious dissidents who felt the Church of England was too closely associated with the Catholic religion and needed to be reformed.

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6
Q

Charles I and the Puritans: “Book of Sports” controversy

A

-which sports are protected?
-why were they considered essential to the kingdom?
-Condemning the Puritan prohibition of sports on Sundays, the declaration took a firm stance on the maintenance of sport and recreation on Sundays and holy days.

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7
Q

Charles I and Ireland

A

-Gaelic Irish, Old English, New English
-The Spanish threat
-Negotiations with the Old English:
~The Graces: Charles have ti give to get old English on his side
-The Graces
-New problems with New English
-Thomas Wentworth, earl of Strafford
-Thorough” in Ireland
-Parliament new controlled by New English = protestant & controlled by old English = catholics

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8
Q

Trouble in Scotland
~

A

–1636 Canons (book of concerns)
-Riots in Edinburgh:
~nobody in Scotland wanted
–The Tables:
~collction of committee of people talking about important of prayer book and issues w/england
-National Covenant
-General Assembly, 1638:
~arguing and threatening about what is being imposed on Scotland

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9
Q

The Bishops’ Wars

A

-First Bishops’ War, 1639 (nonviolence)
-Treaty of Berwick:
~Won’t be war!
-Preparations for the Second Bishops’ War, 1640:
~in England
~in Scotland
~What about Ireland: rumors to draw on Irish subjects to fight the war w/scotland

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10
Q

The Short Parliament

A

-Second Bishops’ War, 1640
-About Prayer Book: “brood of the bowels of the whore of babel”
-Treaty of Ripon:
~Scottish occupation of North (occupied North)
~850 patrols per day to pay for army (Charles I had to pay)
-Treaty of London, 1641:
~confirm the Treaty of Ripon

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11
Q

The Long Parliament

A

-Action against “evil ministers”:
~attaineder of Stratford
~Army Plot: demonstrate how back will of the king
~Triennial Act: demand parliament meets every 3 years (sessions of min 50 days); w/ or w/o monarchs calling them
~Preventing dissolution of Parliament (unless parliament says so)
-Root and Branch Petition:
received a petition from Londoners demanding the destruction of episcopacy, ‘root and branch’. A bill to implement it and to substitute a presbyterian form of church government was introduced in 1641 but made no progress.

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12
Q

Irish Rebellion, October

A

-Kilkenny Confederation
-Gaelic Irish slaughter of Protestants

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13
Q

Grand Remonstrance, November 1641

A

demanded a voice for Parliament in the appointment of the king’s ministers and in the reform of the church

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14
Q

1642 King attempted to arrest Five Members

A

This became just one part of what was termed the Grand Remonstrance to the King, drafted by John Pym and his circle, which detailed Charles I’s abuses, both real and imagined, since 1625.

-John Hampden (c.1594-1643)
-Arthur Haselrig (1601-1661)
-Denzil Holles (1599-1680)
-John Pym (1584-1643)
-William Strode (1598-1645)

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15
Q

Militia Ordinance, March 1642

A

Parliament could act independently of the King in the interests of the nation’s defence.

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16
Q

-Sir Thomas Fairfax, Commander

-Commissions of Array

A

-Fairfax: Committee of Safety and parliamentary army

-Commissions of Array: Each commission named the leading men of the county or city whom the King believed would support his cause.

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17
Q

Civil War: Early Battles, ‘42 and ‘43

A

-Edgehill, 23 October:
~stalemate

-Wakefield, 20 May 1643:

-Adwalton Moor, 30 June

-Roundaway Down, 13 July:
~capture of Bristol
~an irshish catholic army

-Parliamentary capture of Bristol

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18
Q

Solemn League and Covenant

A

agreement between the English and Scots by which the Scots agreed to support the English Parliamentarians in their disputes with the royalists and both countries pledged to work for a civil and religious union of England, Scotland, and Ireland under a presbyterian–parliamentary system; it was accepted by the Church of Scotland (Aug. 17, 1643) and by the English Parliament and the Westminster Assembly (Sept. 25, 1643)

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19
Q

-Battle of Marston Moor, 2 July 1644

-Oliver Cromwell’s Ironsides Cavalr

A

-Battle of Marston:
The largest battle of the Civil War. Defeat by a combined Scottish and parliamentarian armies lost the royalists control of the north of England. The battle of Marston Moor, which took place in the evening of the 2nd July, is believed to have been the largest battle ever fought on English soil.

-Cromwell Ironsides: The Ironsides were troopers in the Parliamentarian cavalry formed by English political leader Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century, during the English Civil War.

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20
Q

Militia reforms

Self-Denying Ordinance

New Model Army, Feb. 1645

Battle of Naseby, 14 June 1645

A

-Charles surrendered to the Scots, 5 May 1646

-Scots surrendered Charles to Parliament, January 1647

-Received an indemnity of £400,000

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21
Q

Levelers, and the Putney Debates, October-November 1647

A

Agreement of the People

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22
Q

Charles and negotiations for peace

A

-W/Scots: “The Engagement”, December, 1647:
the King was a prisoner of the army at Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight. He rejected the proposals offered by Parliament and, in secret communications with Scottish commissioners, indicated that he would be willing to make concessions regarding a religious settlement in exchange for military help from Scotland. The Earls of Lauderdale, Loudoun and Lanark attended the King at Carisbrooke and completed negotiations for a new alliance, known as The Engagement.

-W/Parliament: “The Four Bills”:
The Four Bills represent the final attempt by Parliament to reach a settlement with King Charles in the negotiations that followed the First Civil War.

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23
Q

Second Civil War, February-August 1648

A

-King’s escape attempt from Carisbrooke Castle, 20 March 1648

-Pro-Royalist riots in London and Norwich
Naval Revolt

-Battle of Preston, 17-19 August 1648= Royalist forces were defeated by the Parliamentary forces of Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Preston at Walton Bridge in August 1648.

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24
Q

Execution of Charles I

A

The army seized the King, on 1 December 1648

(Col. Thomas) Pride’s Purge of Long Parliament), 6 December

Rump Parliament

Trial of Charles I, 20-27 January 1649

Execution, 30 January 1649

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25
Q

The English Revolution: English Commonwealth

A

End of the Monarchy

Elimination of House of Lords:
~all nobles are disenfranchised
~5 men (leading) (to expanding 40 individuals )

Establishment of Council of State:
~all affairs of Gov
~Turn to leader = Oliver Cromwell

26
Q

Cromwell’s Foreign Policy

A

1649 Defeat of Irish rebellion:
~Burned everything down; killed women, etc

Cromwell appointed “Captain-General of the Commonwealth”

1650-51 War with Scotland:
~Dunbar and Worcester- Eng victories
~Cromwell power figure in England

1651 Navigation Act:
~cntend w/ England colonial affairs
~effort tighten smuggling, trade, etc = preventing dutch to control eng trade

1652-54 First Anglo-Dutch War:
~over who can control trade?

1654-1660 Anglo-Spanish War:
~It was caused by commercial rivalry. Each side attacked the other’s commercial and colonial interests in various ways such as privateering and naval expeditions.

27
Q

Instrument of Government, December 1653

A

-Lord Protector: Cromwell

Council of State:
~modified
~managing a lot of affairs of gov
~nominated for positon

Triennial parliaments:
~every 3 years, parliament is held

Parliament:
~400Eng MP, 30 scots, 30 Irish
~£200 property for franchise

Standing army

Liberty of worship, except Catholics:
~allowed people of Jewish Faith

First Protectorate Parliament, dissolved Jan. 1655

28
Q

Restoration, 1660

A

General George Monck: left in charge of gov

Rump Parliament and elections:

Charles II and Declaration of Breda:
document issued by the exiled King Charles II in Breda, the Netherlands, making certain promises in return for his restoration to the English throne, following the end of the Protectorate government

29
Q

Convention Parliament

A

-responsible for implementing the terms for the initial Restoration settlement under which Charles II established his administration.

-passed the Bill of Indemnity and Oblivion, which was intended to reunite the nation under the restored monarchy by pardoning the majority of those who had opposed the Crown during the civil wars and Interregnum.

30
Q

Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon (Chancellor)

A

-privy council

-served Charles II as secretary during his exile, and became his chief minister at the Restoration.

-Clarendon was dismissed both as a result of Charles’s general neglect of national affairs and because of a court conspiracy against him.

31
Q

Act of Indemnity and Oblivion

A

-general pardon for everyone who had committed crimes during the English Civil War and subsequent Commonwealth period, with the exception of certain crimes such as murder (without a license granted by King or Parliament), piracy, buggery, rape and witchcraft, and people named in the act such as those involved in the regicide of Charles I

32
Q

Religion settlement: blended style

A

Worcester House Declaration:

~Burned the Solemn League and Covenant

~Episcopal/Presbyterian style

~Anglican ministers reclaimed positions:
-Reimburse those individual ministers replaced
-10% of old clergy returned

33
Q

The Royal Society

A

Scientific Revolution: Charles II loved this!

English Scientific societies:
~Gresham College
~Invisible College

Royal Society:
~charted by king give them to do research they want to do
~Robert Boyle, newton, Boyle, and others

34
Q

Charles 2: Foreign Policy
Colonies

A

-Barbadoes : sugar colony
-Province of Carolina: ~Barbains pushed Charles to form it
~John Locke writes constitution for Carolinas

35
Q

Second Anglo-Dutch war, 1665-67

A
  • disputes over trade

-after hostilities had begun the previous year and the English had already captured New Amsterdam (New York).

-A plague epidemic in 1665 and the Great Fire of London in 1666 contributed to England’s difficulties, which culminated in the destruction of its docked fleet by the Dutch at Chatham in June 1667.

-The war was ended the following month by the Treaty of Breda:
~brought an end to the second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–67), in which France and Denmark had supported the Dutch.

36
Q

Development of party politics

A

Whigs: nonfavored monarch

Tourist: favored monarch

37
Q

Treaty of Dover, 1670

A

-ENGLAND + FRANCE

-Arrangment

-France wil provide 225,000 pounds to England to support war against Dutch

-Secret agreement= Charles II and other members will declare to be catholic

-115,000 pounds per year for England/Charles II

38
Q

Earl of Danby : Enforcement of Cavalier Code

A

-Sir Thomas Osbourne, Lord Treasurer
-show religiousness; people need to attend Anglo-Church , ceremonies

39
Q

Marriage of Mary (William, Stadtholder of Orange) and Anne (Prince George of Denmark) to continental Protestants

A

-Both Girls (nieces to king Charles II ) married to Protestants in case they need an heir after James (their dad)

-Mary married William, Stadholder of Orange

-Anne married Prince George of Denmark

40
Q

The Problem of Coffee
Coffeehouses

A

-public spaces and rebellious talk

-talk trash about monarch

-men go there after drinking to sober up

41
Q

Exclusion Controversy, 1679-81

A

Charles II fell seriously ill, 1679

Parliamentary elections 1679, 80, 81:
~whigs
~dismissed

Debate on monarchy and sovereignty

42
Q

Charles II Personal Rule: Rye House Plot, 1683

A

-alleged Whig conspiracy to assassinate or mount an insurrection against Charles II of England because of his pro-Roman Catholic policies.

-failed: major fire in Newmarket on 22 March, which destroyed half of the town.

  • a group involved in a supposed conspiracy to kill Charles II and his brother, James, duke of York, on their return from Newmarket in March 1683 near the Rye House at Hoddesdon in Hertfordshire, and to raise an insurrection.
43
Q

James II’s Government, 1685-88: Monmouth’s ill-fated rebellion

A

-feel threatened by James I

-Duke of Monmouth = eldest illegitimate son of Charles I

-Battle of Segemor

44
Q

Chief Justice George Jeffrey’s and the Bloody Assizes

A

-hearing & trials of Monmouth and executions

-His reputation was founded on the ruthless manner in which he conducted the ‘Bloody Assize’ in the West Country in 1685, condemning hundreds to death after Monmouth’s rebellion.

-said he enjoyed it and smiled while doing it

45
Q

James II’s missteps

A

-sought repeal of the Test Act

-Elevation of Tyrconnell in Ireland:
~elevate catholic in charge of Ireland

-Court-packing scheme:
~suspending test act to evaluate Catholics
~Godden vs Hales, 1686 = Judges to support James II to suspend Test Act

46
Q

The “WARNING-PAN BABY”-heir to the throne

A

-Theory: The baby was from a maid and inserted into the Queen

-Thought to be illegitimate

47
Q

The Glorious Revolution

A

Summer of 1688

Invitation to William of Orange and Mary

William of Orange’s preparations

James II’s response:
~try to rally military
~late to respond/unprepared

Invasion

Hesitation:
~James I delayed to not attack William’s forces
~Same of his military got o William’s side

Turmoil in London:
~James II leaves and heads to France
~People fleeing (ex: priests)

William, Mary, and the “Vacant Throne”:
~if monarch vacant throne, then you vacant your position/no longer monarch
~co-monarchs

Convention Parliament

48
Q

William and Mary

A

Declaration of Rights:
~outlined specific constitutional and civil rights and ultimately gave Parliament power over the monarchy

Toleration Act: non dissenters to practice their faith /not catholics

49
Q

Nine Years’ War

A

-England vs France

-treaties and agreements reached at the end of King Philip’s War (1675–1678) were not adhered to, and the French and English were fighting over control of the fur trade in North America.

-The protracted war ended with the Treaty of Rijswijk:
ouis XIV agreed to recognize William III as King of England, give up his attempts to control Cologne and the Palatinate, end French occupation of Lorraine, and restore Luxembourg, Mons, Courtrai, and Barcelona to Spain.

50
Q

William III, James, and Ireland

A

Jacobites and Ireland, 1689-91

Irish Catholicism ascendant

Battle of the Boyne

Treaty of Limerick, 1691
~Cost of War:
Ended by Treaty of Ryswick

51
Q

War of Spanish Succession and Queen Anne’s Reign

A

-War of Spanish Succession:
~conflicting claims to the Spanish throne after the death of the childless King Charles II.

~ the decision of Carlos II of Spain to bequeath the full Spanish inheritance to the Duke of Anjou, a grandson of Louis XIV.

~The campaigns of the Duke of Marlborough and his allies in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-13) stopped France from dominating Europe. They also earned the British Army an enduring reputation for courage and discipline on the battlefield

-Queen Anne’s Reign:
~She was shy, conscientious, stout, gouty, shortsighted, and very small

~achieving the union of England and Scotland in 1707 and for bringing the War of the Spanish Succession to a conclusion.

~saw the end of the Stuart dynasty and laid the way for the Georgian era.

~Anne never enjoyed good health, and the almost constant pregnancies that ended in miscarriages did not help.

52
Q

Act of Settlement, 1701 impacted the succession

A

designed to secure the Protestant succession to the throne, and to strengthen the guarantees for ensuring a parliamentary system of government.

53
Q

1707 Acts of Union

A

-a treaty that effected the union of England and Scotland under the name of Great Britain.

54
Q

Consider the combination of religious and political causes of the wars that devastated the British Isles in the 1640s in connection with the course and outcomes of those conflicts.

A

-Religious differences between the monarch, Parliament, Scottish Covenanters, and Irish Catholics

-Religious Causes of the wars:
~
~
~
~

-Political Causes of the wars:
~
~
~
~

55
Q

Compare English social/religious and political aspects of the rule of Oliver Cromwell to the restored monarchy of Charles II.

A

-Cromwell Rule:

Burned everything down; killed people =Irish Rebellion

Won war against Scotland (DUNBAR AND WORCESTER) : Cromwell is power figure in England

(1651) Navigation Act: preventing Dutch from controlling trade = smuggling, trade, etc

Liberty of Worship: allowed everyone including those of Jewish Faith (except Catholics) to practice faith

superseded in 1657 by Humble Advice and Petition

-Charles II:

Declaraction of Breda

Restored House of Lords-nobles back in power

Act of Indemnity and Oblivion

Act of Pardon

Burned the Solemn League and Covenant

Royal Society (let them do research )

56
Q

Describe several issues (social/religious and political) left unresolved after the Civil Wars and Revolution (1640s to 1650s) and assess how they contributed to the Glorious Revolution.

A

-Issues left unresolved:
The wars’ political consequence was the establishment of the Commonwealth and Protectorate.

disrupt trade

negotiations about religion

the aristocracy and gentry had their rights protected from Absolutism

-The king’s elevation of Catholicism, his close relationship with France, his conflict with Parliament and uncertainty over who would succeed James on the English throne led to whispers of a revolt—and ultimately the fall of James II.

57
Q

Compare the specific steps Oliver Cromwell took to address the challenges facing the Commonwealth government that came to power after the Civil War to the important steps of the restoration of the Stuart Monarchy following Cromwell’s death. What issues did both Cromwell and Charles II have in common?

A

-Common:
~war with the dutch over who can control trade / foreign policy regarding trade
1st (cromwell) and 2nd (Charles) Anglo-Dutch War
(Cromwell): Navigation Act (1651)
~Religious beliefs:

Cromwell:
1649 Defeat of Irish Rebellion: burned everything down and killed many people

Liberty of Worship: allowed personal practice (like jewish faith) except Catholics

Charles 2:
Declaration of Indulgence: Descenters and Catholics to practice in peace
Also, had suppression of Catholics and dissenters by Thomas Osborn, earl of Danby (assigned to make Charles 2 more protestant)

~
~
~

58
Q

In what specific and critical ways was the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89 the culmination of the crisis in the English government from 1642-60?

A

-English opposition to a Catholic monarchy and concerns over the King’s power

-End of Rump Parliament (1653) and Assembly of Saints/Barebones Parliament: dissolved and dismissed under Cromwell

-Liberty of Worship except for Catholics

59
Q

Some aspect that you think is most critical to the dramatic changes across the period of English history that we’ve covered (perhaps you think it’s all about religious transformations, or foreign affairs between England and its neighbors, or perhaps the changing nature of the institutions of government, or the changing nature of the English populous, or some other critical factor), etc.

A

England’s foreign affairs over time:
-Henry VII:
~France: Treaty of Étaples= Henry withdraw his army in exchange for a subsidy of 5,000 pounds for 15 years to keep him at bay.
~Scotland: Diplomatic marriage w/Henry’s daughter Margaret; Treaty of Perpetual Peace of 1502: attempt to end the conflict between Scotland and England
~Ireland:
tested a method for governing Ireland
He appointed Lord Lieutenant Jasper Tudor whose authority was exercised by a Lord Deputy in Ireland
~Exploration: saw opportunity to seize a piece of action from Spain and Portugal and find new markets by assisting John Cabot and his sons in their voyages

-Henry VIII:
~France:
When Henry split from the Catholic Church, the Pope demanded the Catholic Monarchs invade and dethrone Henry

Anglo~French Treaty 1514: a peace treaty between the two; strengthened by the marriage of Princess Mary (henry’s sister) and Louis XII of France

French King had to pay a fee to keep Henry at bay

~Scotland:

Henry wanted to bring an end to the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France); Angery that the Treaty of Greenwich (Scotland agreed Mary Stuart would marry Henry’s Son Edward) was rejected

English controls Pale-other parts are called Wild Irish (not controlled)

-Elizabeth I:
~Treaty of Chateau: marking the end of the 65-year (1494–1559) struggle between France and Spain for the control of Italy, leaving Habsburg Spain the dominant power there for the next 150 years.

~Treaty of Berwick (1560): an agreement made between the English and the group of Protestant Scottish nobles known as the Lords of the Congregation to pursue the removal from Scotland of the French troops who are defending the regency of Marie de Guise.

-James I:

-wanted to avoid war and wanted to act as a peacemaker king throughout Europe.
-Wanted to be a mediator of Europe
-marriage policies for his two children of marriages into leading Royal families of Europe. Elizabeth +Fredrick and Charles + the infanta (which fell through in 1623) Elizabeth and Fredrick married in 1613.
-Peace w/Spain = 1604 Sumerset House peace conference
-Proposed Union w/Scotland
-Jamestown Settlement,1607: more wealth and get people a job outside of England
-Ulster Plantation: Put Scottish Prebtertians on Irish lands & settle land/govern land in the name of James
-Howard Family Influence: catholic influence

-Cromwell:

1649 Defeat of Irish rebellion:
~Burned everything down; killed women, etc

Cromwell was appointed “Captain-General of the Commonwealth”

1650-51 War with Scotland:
~Dunbar and Worcester- Eng victories
~Cromwell power figure in England

1651 Navigation Act:
~cntend w/ England colonial affairs
~effort tighten smuggling, trade, etc = preventing dutch to control eng trade

1652-54 First Anglo-Dutch War:
~over who can control trade?

1654-1660 Anglo-Spanish War:
~It was caused by commercial rivalry. Each side attacked the other’s commercial and colonial interests in various ways such as privateering and naval expeditions.

-Charles 2:
-Barbados: sugar colony
-Province of Carolina: ~Barbains pushed Charles to form it
~John Locke writes the constitution for Carolinas

60
Q

Titus Oates and the Popish Plot, 1678

A

-Cavalier Parliament dismissed

-commentary about continental catholics and others to kill Charles II and put James II on though

History 373 (4 decks)

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