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CHEM 183 > History 2 > Flashcards

History 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What/where did William Withering discover?

A

Plant could give assistance to congestive heart failure- learned from gypsy

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2
Q

What Plant give assistance congestive heart failure?

A

Foxglove flower

-helps heart pump enough blood

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3
Q

“Account of the Foxglove and its Medical Uses”-

A

Published by William Withering 1795

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4
Q

Erasmus Darwin (Charles Darwin’s Grandad)

A

Wills competitor- insisted his son get credit for the Foxglove discovery
-bad mouthing Will to public

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5
Q

Digoxin (Lanoxin)

A

modern version of Foxglove- low dosage to help heart pump blood

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6
Q

Digoxin problematic

A

for subset of heart issues such as A-fib (Atrial fibrillation)- 100 000 people studies- 20% dies earlier than with other med

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7
Q

Plague of Athens 430-427 BC- Similar Ebola Virus of recent yrs

A

medical mystery- onset abrupt with strong feverand foul breath- vomiting-skin blisters and ulcers- extreme diarrhea= rapid death 7th to 9th day

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8
Q

Sir William Osler- McGill Faculty of Medecine 1874

A

-Put both McGill and John’s Hopkins on the map for medecine

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9
Q

William Osler 1903

A

“The practice of medicine is an art, not a trade, a calling not a business, a calling in which your heart will be exercised equally with your head”

“Listen carefully to your patient. They will tell you the diagnosis”

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10
Q

Where are the remains of Sir William Osler?

A

8th floor of McGill’s medical building (since he was cremated)

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11
Q

greatest feature that distinguishes animals humans

A

desire to take medicine (osler)- not totally true as some animals eat certain plants when they feel ill

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12
Q

Helen Morrogh-Bernard of the Borneo Nature Foundation studied orangutans

A

Self medication- chew particular plant (Dracaena cantleyi) into a foamy lather and rub it into their fur- example of a non-human animal using a topical analgesic
(local people use the same plant)

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13
Q

Malaria

A

Parasite disease- 60 of the 380 species of Anopheline mosquit transmit the disease

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14
Q

Malaria consequences

A

slows econ growth of Africa by over 1% per year
-120 million deaths/year
1 million children

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15
Q

Malaria cure

A 
Quinine (early cure)
named after countess Anna de Chinchon- she was treated with this remedy (Wife Spanish Viceroy)
-6% of the bark are alkaloids
-70% comes from the bark
-considered very important discovery
-Europe unaware of this disease
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16
Q

Quinine that gives tonic water its bitterness

A

anti-malarial ingredient- used for centuries to ward off this deadly disease
(people would drink it with gin for the taste lol = ginto)

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17
Q

DDT

A
  • first synthesized in 1874,

- recognized by Hermann Muller in 1939 as having insecticidal properties

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18
Q

Hermann Muller

A

Nobel Prize for medicine and Physiology 1948

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19
Q

DDT world war II

A

used to spray areas where mosquitos were, as well as people who were suffering from that as well as other insects (ticks)

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20
Q

DDT and birds

A

eggs after consuming DDT from lower level creatures in the food chain= shell break when lay on them :( = stop DDT in many countries

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21
Q

Silent Spring

A

book by Rachel Carson= led to lots of countries stop using DDT

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22
Q

DDT saved lives

A

500 million lives by 1996

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23
Q

DDT banned late 90s

A

caused a large malaria epidemic

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24
Q

Prevent malaria

A

insecticide treated nets were used

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25
Q

Dr Joseph Lister

A

used phenol as an anti-septic to kill bacteria (spraying it in the air)- eventually found out just had to wash hands to prevent infection

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26
Q

Docs no gloves/ no washing hands=

A

bacteria was being transmitted

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27
Q

Sepsis

A

systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)= serious medical condition caused by the body’s response to an infection= can lead to widespread inflammation and blood clotting.

28
Q

inflammation can result in

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain, organ dysfunction/failure.

29
Q

Blood clotting during sepsis causes

A

reduced blood flow to limbs and vital organs= organ failure or gangrene (damage to tissues)

30
Q

Thomas Roddick

A
  • introduced anti-sepsis in Canada
  • studied w Lister in Edinburgh 1877
  • by 1910 operating rooms looked more like what we imagine now
31
Q

Listerine mouth wash, cleaner

A

named after Dr Lister

32
Q

What was listerine used for in the 1950s

A

Dandruff control and bad breath

33
Q

What is Listerine

A

Thymol= biologically similar to phenol, menthol, and propofol

34
Q

Propofol

A

has very strong biological activity- mainly what killed Michael Jackson
-very small changes= devastating effects

35
Q

Patent Medicines 1850s-1906

A

not regulated, were unaffected by all government regulations

  • go into pharm buy any kind of medication
  • Ex coughs= glyco-heroin= put heroin in soothing syrups
36
Q

Lydia E. Pinkham

A

Vegetable compound (before it wsa regulated) claimed to heal many things- still around today

37
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Proper Drugs

  • Compound that contained arsenic=not at all toxic but seemed to relieve the distress of syphilis
  • Won Nobel prize 1908
  • Aspirin invented late 1800s= still usefull today
38
Q

1938 Federal Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act

A
  1. Proof of safety
  2. Cosmetics regulated
  3. Food standards
39
Q

Thalidomide 1960s

A

help mothers with morning sickness- caused birth defects= shorter/ no limbs (had no effect on brain)

40
Q

Teratogen effects

A

cause birth defects

  • Thomas Quasthoff= opera singer
  • Tony Melendez= guitar player w feet
41
Q

Dr Frances Kelsey

A

persisted keeping thalidomide from the market= why not many Thalidomide effected people in USA
-received award from President Kennedy

42
Q

FDA now considers Thalidomide for treatments

women victims of Thalidomide fighting against this

A

-multiple myeloma (blood cancer)
-multiple sclerosis
-ulcerative bowel disease or Crohn’s disease
-Aphtous uclers (canker sores)
-Kaposi’s sarcoma
-Kidney, brain, breast cancers
Has been used as treatment for Hansen’s disease + cancer

43
Q

Durham Humphrey 1951 amendment to the 1938 FDA act

A

-2 categories of sale- OTC and Prescription

Before 1951, prescription status was on;y for narcotics and cocaine

44
Q

New drugs!!!

A

go through 10-15 yrs to be on market

  • cost 2-3 billion$
  • Research prevent poor candidates from going to development
45
Q

Fast-tracked drugs

A 
certain drugs 5-6 yrs instead of 10-15 yrs= for particular type of disease where it is necessary to have a drug rapidly on the market
2012- 39
2013- 27
2014-41
2015-45
2016- 22
2017-46
2018- 59
46
Q

Luthatera

A

Cancer

47
Q

Biktarvy

A

infection

48
Q

Symdeko

A

Cystic Fibrosis

49
Q

Erleada

A

Cancer

50
Q

Trogarzo

A

HIV

51
Q

Risk reduction from Kaplan-Meier Plot

A

Difference between % without hospitalization between treatment and control groups/ 36 (% of control group)

52
Q

New Drug Origins

A

Periwinkle-vincristine creates a gum- nice flavour- common in turkey

53
Q

Shaman

A

so called doctors

54
Q

Molecular modeling

A

what is the action of the particular drug

-draw molecule on screen and have it fill in the atoms surrounding it

55
Q

Interleukin 1

A

family of 11 cytokines which are small proteins having a role in inflammation and cell signalling

56
Q

knowing how certain cells interact =

A

allow us to change certain aspects of it (cell signalling) = allow drugs to become better drugs

57
Q

FBLD

A

Fragment Based Lead Discover- simple atom arrangements that bind to biological targets for a number of purposes

58
Q

Kinases (ex FBLD)

A

enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a donor, such as ADP or ATP to an acceptor

59
Q

what allows combine molecule segments

A

knowing what segments of molecules cause certain reactions

60
Q

2019 sales $

A

arthritis and anti-cancer medications make up most sales by dollar

  1. Humira- arthritis ($20B)
  2. Revlimid-anti c ($10B)
  3. Keytruda- anti c ($7B)
61
Q

2018 # of prescriptions US

A

cholesterol medications have the highest number of prescriptions

  1. Lisinopril- anti hyper intensive
  2. Levothyroxine- thyroid
  3. Atorvastatin- Cholesterol
62
Q

Consumes half medications in the world

A

canada and usa

  • NA uses more than anyone else in the world
  • hypochondriacs and cheaper prices lead to more purchase
63
Q

prescription sales

A

were going up 10% per year= sales will double 7 years

- now 1.3# per year= double in about 50 yrs

64
Q

drug cataloging- chemical type

A
  1. new molecular entity =new molecule, never been used before
  2. new derivative
  3. new formulation= old drug in a skin patch
  4. new combination= 2 drugs not marketed before
  5. already marketed drug product= petents expired
  6. New use for a drug product= minoxidil (originally used for high blood pressure- now hair growth)
65
Q

Excipients

A

material in the pill that is not the medicine

  • 40 official categories= fillers, binders, anti-foaming agents, emulsifying agents, antioxidants, pigments, desiccants, granulating agents, flavourings
  • glob market 6.4 B$
66
Q

Placebo Response

A

starting to be engaged by medical doctors who are actually prescribing a placebo and telling the person it is in fact a placebo
** Key risks are not always called “diseases”
Cigarette smoking is decreasing; obesity is increasing

67
Q

Velcade (bortezomib)

A

effective in the treatment of multiple myeloma

-total sales $9B

CHEM 183 (4 decks)

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