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History 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What/where did William Withering discover?

A

Plant could give assistance to congestive heart failure- learned from gypsy

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2
Q

What Plant give assistance congestive heart failure?

A

Foxglove flower

-helps heart pump enough blood

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3
Q

“Account of the Foxglove and its Medical Uses”-

A

Published by William Withering 1795

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4
Q

Erasmus Darwin (Charles Darwin’s Grandad)

A

Wills competitor- insisted his son get credit for the Foxglove discovery
-bad mouthing Will to public

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5
Q

Digoxin (Lanoxin)

A

modern version of Foxglove- low dosage to help heart pump blood

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6
Q

Digoxin problematic

A

for subset of heart issues such as A-fib (Atrial fibrillation)- 100 000 people studies- 20% dies earlier than with other med

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7
Q

Plague of Athens 430-427 BC- Similar Ebola Virus of recent yrs

A

medical mystery- onset abrupt with strong feverand foul breath- vomiting-skin blisters and ulcers- extreme diarrhea= rapid death 7th to 9th day

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8
Q

Sir William Osler- McGill Faculty of Medecine 1874

A

-Put both McGill and John’s Hopkins on the map for medecine

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9
Q

William Osler 1903

A

“The practice of medicine is an art, not a trade, a calling not a business, a calling in which your heart will be exercised equally with your head”

“Listen carefully to your patient. They will tell you the diagnosis”

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10
Q

Where are the remains of Sir William Osler?

A

8th floor of McGill’s medical building (since he was cremated)

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11
Q

greatest feature that distinguishes animals humans

A

desire to take medicine (osler)- not totally true as some animals eat certain plants when they feel ill

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12
Q

Helen Morrogh-Bernard of the Borneo Nature Foundation studied orangutans

A

Self medication- chew particular plant (Dracaena cantleyi) into a foamy lather and rub it into their fur- example of a non-human animal using a topical analgesic
(local people use the same plant)

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13
Q

Malaria

A

Parasite disease- 60 of the 380 species of Anopheline mosquit transmit the disease

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14
Q

Malaria consequences

A

slows econ growth of Africa by over 1% per year
-120 million deaths/year
1 million children

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15
Q

Malaria cure

A 
Quinine (early cure)
named after countess Anna de Chinchon- she was treated with this remedy (Wife Spanish Viceroy)
-6% of the bark are alkaloids
-70% comes from the bark
-considered very important discovery
-Europe unaware of this disease
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16
Q

Quinine that gives tonic water its bitterness

A

anti-malarial ingredient- used for centuries to ward off this deadly disease
(people would drink it with gin for the taste lol = ginto)

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17
Q

DDT

A
  • first synthesized in 1874,

- recognized by Hermann Muller in 1939 as having insecticidal properties

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18
Q

Hermann Muller

A

Nobel Prize for medicine and Physiology 1948

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19
Q

DDT world war II

A

used to spray areas where mosquitos were, as well as people who were suffering from that as well as other insects (ticks)

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20
Q

DDT and birds

A

eggs after consuming DDT from lower level creatures in the food chain= shell break when lay on them :( = stop DDT in many countries

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21
Q

Silent Spring

A

book by Rachel Carson= led to lots of countries stop using DDT

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22
Q

DDT saved lives

A

500 million lives by 1996

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23
Q

DDT banned late 90s

A

caused a large malaria epidemic

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24
Q

Prevent malaria

A

insecticide treated nets were used

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25
Dr Joseph Lister
used phenol as an anti-septic to kill bacteria (spraying it in the air)- eventually found out just had to wash hands to prevent infection
26
Docs no gloves/ no washing hands=
bacteria was being transmitted
27
Sepsis
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)= serious medical condition caused by the body's response to an infection= can lead to widespread inflammation and blood clotting.
28
inflammation can result in
redness, heat, swelling, pain, organ dysfunction/failure.
29
Blood clotting during sepsis causes
reduced blood flow to limbs and vital organs= organ failure or gangrene (damage to tissues)
30
Thomas Roddick
- introduced anti-sepsis in Canada - studied w Lister in Edinburgh 1877 - by 1910 operating rooms looked more like what we imagine now
31
Listerine mouth wash, cleaner
named after Dr Lister
32
What was listerine used for in the 1950s
Dandruff control and bad breath
33
What is Listerine
Thymol= biologically similar to phenol, menthol, and propofol
34
Propofol
has very strong biological activity- mainly what killed Michael Jackson -very small changes= devastating effects
35
Patent Medicines 1850s-1906
not regulated, were unaffected by all government regulations - go into pharm buy any kind of medication - Ex coughs= glyco-heroin= put heroin in soothing syrups
36
Lydia E. Pinkham
Vegetable compound (before it wsa regulated) claimed to heal many things- still around today
37
Paul Ehrlich
Proper Drugs - Compound that contained arsenic=not at all toxic but seemed to relieve the distress of syphilis - Won Nobel prize 1908 - Aspirin invented late 1800s= still usefull today
38
1938 Federal Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act
1. Proof of safety 2. Cosmetics regulated 3. Food standards
39
Thalidomide 1960s
help mothers with morning sickness- caused birth defects= shorter/ no limbs (had no effect on brain)
40
Teratogen effects
cause birth defects - Thomas Quasthoff= opera singer - Tony Melendez= guitar player w feet
41
Dr Frances Kelsey
persisted keeping thalidomide from the market= why not many Thalidomide effected people in USA -received award from President Kennedy
42
FDA now considers Thalidomide for treatments | women victims of Thalidomide fighting against this
-multiple myeloma (blood cancer) -multiple sclerosis -ulcerative bowel disease or Crohn's disease -Aphtous uclers (canker sores) -Kaposi's sarcoma -Kidney, brain, breast cancers Has been used as treatment for Hansen's disease + cancer
43
Durham Humphrey 1951 amendment to the 1938 FDA act
-2 categories of sale- OTC and Prescription | Before 1951, prescription status was on;y for narcotics and cocaine
44
New drugs!!!
go through 10-15 yrs to be on market - cost 2-3 billion$ - Research prevent poor candidates from going to development
45
Fast-tracked drugs
``` certain drugs 5-6 yrs instead of 10-15 yrs= for particular type of disease where it is necessary to have a drug rapidly on the market 2012- 39 2013- 27 2014-41 2015-45 2016- 22 2017-46 2018- 59 ```
46
Luthatera
Cancer
47
Biktarvy
infection
48
Symdeko
Cystic Fibrosis
49
Erleada
Cancer
50
Trogarzo
HIV
51
Risk reduction from Kaplan-Meier Plot
Difference between % without hospitalization between treatment and control groups/ 36 (% of control group)
52
New Drug Origins
Periwinkle-vincristine creates a gum- nice flavour- common in turkey
53
Shaman
so called doctors
54
Molecular modeling
what is the action of the particular drug | -draw molecule on screen and have it fill in the atoms surrounding it
55
Interleukin 1
family of 11 cytokines which are small proteins having a role in inflammation and cell signalling
56
knowing how certain cells interact =
allow us to change certain aspects of it (cell signalling) = allow drugs to become better drugs
57
FBLD
Fragment Based Lead Discover- simple atom arrangements that bind to biological targets for a number of purposes
58
Kinases (ex FBLD)
enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a donor, such as ADP or ATP to an acceptor
59
what allows combine molecule segments
knowing what segments of molecules cause certain reactions
60
2019 sales $
arthritis and anti-cancer medications make up most sales by dollar 1. Humira- arthritis ($20B) 2. Revlimid-anti c ($10B) 3. Keytruda- anti c ($7B)
61
2018 # of prescriptions US
cholesterol medications have the highest number of prescriptions 1. Lisinopril- anti hyper intensive 2. Levothyroxine- thyroid 3. Atorvastatin- Cholesterol
62
Consumes half medications in the world
canada and usa - NA uses more than anyone else in the world - hypochondriacs and cheaper prices lead to more purchase
63
prescription sales
were going up 10% per year= sales will double 7 years | - now 1.3# per year= double in about 50 yrs
64
drug cataloging- chemical type
1. new molecular entity =new molecule, never been used before 2. new derivative 3. new formulation= old drug in a skin patch 4. new combination= 2 drugs not marketed before 5. already marketed drug product= petents expired 6. New use for a drug product= minoxidil (originally used for high blood pressure- now hair growth)
65
Excipients
material in the pill that is not the medicine - 40 official categories= fillers, binders, anti-foaming agents, emulsifying agents, antioxidants, pigments, desiccants, granulating agents, flavourings - glob market 6.4 B$
66
Placebo Response
starting to be engaged by medical doctors who are actually prescribing a placebo and telling the person it is in fact a placebo ** Key risks are not always called "diseases" Cigarette smoking is decreasing; obesity is increasing
67
Velcade (bortezomib)
effective in the treatment of multiple myeloma | -total sales $9B

CHEM 183 (4 decks)

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