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CHEM 183 > Allergies > Flashcards

Allergies Flashcards

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1
Q

Salicylates

A

cause many reaction within foods

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2
Q

what is an allergy?

A

a adverse reaction to substances that are normally harmless where IgE antibodies are involved

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3
Q

% pop allergies

A

10-20%

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4
Q

who + allergies?

A

richer countries

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5
Q

anaphylaxis

A

rapidly progressing, life threatening allergic reaction

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6
Q

Atopy

A

genetic tendency to develop the classic allergic diseases (classic reactions)

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7
Q

classic allergic diseases (8)

A
  • atopic dermatitis
  • allergic rhinitis
  • asthma
  • food allergy
  • animals
  • total allergy system
  • epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • wasp stings
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8
Q

Atopic dematitis

A

show up after birth

-likely to develop more allergies in the future: need to be careful what exposing themselves to

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9
Q

allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

A
  • triggered exposure pollen (visible under micro= ex: ragweed), pet hair, dust, mold.
  • progress to having asthma
  • 50% of people progress to this
  • hay triggers allergies when moldy
  • dont die= just annoying
  • children ate fish under 1 yo: 30% less likely develop hay fever= anti-inflam props omega-3 fats, vit D, healthy
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10
Q

Asthma

A

-rates doubled since 1980s: exposed more chemicals

-

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11
Q

hygiene hypothesis (asthma)

A

We are too clean= people washing all the time= not exposed to things that we should be fighting= bodies start shooting at targets that are not dangerous (maladie auto-immune)

  • children daycare= - likely dev allergies, leukemia or Hodgkin’s lymphoma
  • immune system has been primed to react to dangerous targets
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12
Q

Dairy farmers (asthma)

A

5 times less likely to develop lung cancer= breathe manure dust containing bacteria
-less likely to smoke= contributes

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13
Q

cotton factory workers (asthma)

A

lower rates of some cancers, including lung cancer

-bacteria in cotton contain endotoxins which prime immune system: learns target the right thing

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14
Q

what should we learn from asthma ???

A

not be neurotic about children playing in dirt: shouldn’t be scrubbing and clean so often!

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15
Q

Asthma study case

A

2800 children in Ecuador= allergies less prevalent among those infected with worms…

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16
Q

Food allergy

A

to have allergic reaction= need have prior exposure to the allergen

  • reaction occurs when anti-bodies confront the allergen= anti-bodies are created upon first encounter
  • may not even know you have been exposed to an allergen before/as you may have been exposed in an unidentified way
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17
Q

reaction vaccines (food allergy)

A

some people react because of gelatin (which also in marsh)

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18
Q

royal jelly (food allergy)

A

secreted from the glands in the heads of worker bees and is fed yo all bee larvae, whether they are destined to become drones (males), workers (sterile females), or queens (fertile females); / after 3 days: drone and worker no more J- just queen. Can’t die first exposure- possible develop allergy through previous pollen exposure

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19
Q

prevalence food allergy

A

4% adults= food allergies

30% food intolerance= no igE antibodies involved, but there are still biochemical reactions

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20
Q

food intolerances

A
  • lactose int (7% pop has a reaction to this bc they are missing lactase)
  • reaction to sulfites in wine, dried fruits or shrimp (preservatives)
  • nitrates in cured meats
  • tyramine in cheese
  • fructose in fruit
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21
Q

most common food allergies

A
  • tree nuts
  • soy
  • shellfish (fish vs shellfish= very diff- proteins not the same- often what causes the reaction)
  • peanuts
  • eggs
  • wheat
  • dairy
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22
Q

yellow #6

A

causes allergic reactions- not very common- reaction to dye

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23
Q

sesame seeds

A

increase in allergy to sesame seeds bc increase in pop of bagels

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24
Q

soybeans

A

increase allergy soybeans- bc increased usage in terms of consumption and various product

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25
Q

nuts

A

reaction to nuts extremely severe= someone eats- you touch or kiss= can die- have some sort of reaction (even if very small amount of exposure)

  • why we have peanut free schools
  • not eat peanuts during pregnancy
26
Q

peanuts- child represents a high-risk infant (food allergies)

A

severe eczema or atopic dermatitis in first few months of life- egg allerg= should be evaluated peanuts

27
Q

peanuts (food allergies)

A

regular consumption= decrease possibility of a peanut allergy

28
Q

peanut case study

A

372 children 4-17 yo= capsules peanut flower
- after 24 weeks= 2/3 able to tolerate small dose of peanuts (still mild reactions)
= GOAL make them more tolerable to protect against accidental exposure- not immune!

29
Q

early in life: vit usage = increases food allergies later in life

A

bc more things you’re exposed to, the more likely you are to develop an allergy to something else

30
Q

Animals

A

not the hair causes allergy but the dead skin cells

  • cats ++ and colour matters= black cats + allergenic= their dandruff causes more allergic reactions
  • someone already has allergies (hay fever), more sensitive to animal dander
31
Q

dust mites

A

everywhere! = allergic to dust = allergic to mite feces

-trigger common allergies, as well as asthma

32
Q

total allergy system

A

people who are affected by this react to almost everything in the environment

  • 20th century disease
  • forced to live in isolation
  • no paint on walls- covered with aluminum instead
  • there is a psychogenic affect to this= people “worriers”
  • is it physical or only mental?
33
Q

allergies hereditary ??

A

some yes/ however some allergies are developped much later in life/ bc you need previous exposure- but not specific how much previous exposure is needed to develop an allergy

34
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

EpiPen can be lifesaving- need to have it near you

  • still need to go to the hospital= only buys you some time
  • mild allergies= Benadryl
35
Q

wasp stings

A

can cause various different reactions
-contract dermatitis: irritant (reaction to a substance that would cause that reaction in everyone) or immune system mediated (allergic reaction)

36
Q

poison ivy

A

70% of pop allergic to it (have a reaction)- contact allergy

  • reacting to urushiol- also found in poison oak and Japanese laquer tree
  • can be a whole body reaction- or just close to the site of contact of the allergen
37
Q

nickel

A

most likely substance to cause a contact allergic reaction

38
Q

hair dye

A

allergies w hair dye can occur much later in life: multiple exposure that an allergy develops (why should test for allergy every time before using hair dye)

39
Q

rubber

A

when rubber allergy/ often allergic to other things as well- bc rubber tree is closely related to papaya-so are banana trees
-Edward Coup (general surgeon)- developed rubber allergy to the rubber band in his underwear

40
Q

strange allergy

A

woman allergic coca-cola- but was only allergic when her partner had consumed coca-cola and they engaged in sex- was in his seminal fluid

41
Q

aquagenic pruritus

A

allergy to water

  • very rare cond
  • learn to wash yourself with alcohol swabs, or very quickly rinse w water and dry off
42
Q

Hannelore Kohl

A

penicillin treatment triggered an allergy to sunlight- she could never go outside when it was sunny= photo-allergy- ended up committing suicide

43
Q

mechanism allergic attack

A

white blood cells synthesize the igE antibodies that try to target an invader and get rid of it

  • once they are synthesized, they attach themselves to a mast cell
  • the igE recognize the allergen and so they attach to it
  • Histamine= the allergy/anti-body reaction causes the release of histamine
  • histamine molecule fits onto histamine receptors
  • De-granulation allergic reaction
44
Q

Villain in allergic reaction

A

allergen/antigen (the things you react to)

45
Q

protector

A

igE antibody= wants protect us from the allergen and get rid of it- unfortunately not in the most appropriate way bc when there is this allergy/antibody reaction there is an explosion that releases histamine which causes the reaction to the allergen

46
Q

Antibody

A

most common is igE

-not anchored to a mast cell but is floating around the blood stream and is most effective during allergy shocks

47
Q

when do u get the allergy reactions?

A

once histamine floods the system

48
Q

first pill developed

A

chlor-tripolon
-developed based on molecular knowledge- the structure of histamine was determined- one specific part of the molecule that fits into the receptor

49
Q

what to do if allergic reaction

A
  • Avoidance
  • Antihistamines
  • Decongestants
  • Immunotherapy
50
Q

immunotherapy

A

somehow guide the body into not having this adverse reaction

51
Q

why cant we predict how allergy medications will work?

A

unique biological make-ups= trial and error

52
Q

Asthma

A

makes you feel as though you cannot breath

53
Q

what causes asthma

A
  • histamine can cause some asthmatic reactions

- most come from leukotrienes

54
Q

leukotrienes

A

inflammatory molecules that are one of several substances which are released by mast cells during asthma attack
-primarily responsible for bronchoconstriction

55
Q

find a leukotriene receptor to combat

A

Ex: APO-MONTELUKAST dvlp in mtl- do not use this for an accute asthma attack- meant for maintenance and keep asthma attacks stable (taken on regular basis)

56
Q

if you have a acute asthma attack

A

take an adrenalin receptot agonist (beta-2-agonists)= behaves like adrenalin- but you can take it orally and it can be put into an inhaler (ex: in the form of Ventolin)
- can dilate the bronchi

57
Q

generally asthma is

A

life long condition unless developed very early on- in which case you may outgrow it during puberty

58
Q

how to prevent an attack?

A
  • use anti-inflammatory steroids on a regular basis for maintenance
  • fluticasone propionate salmeterol = steroid combined with beta-2-agonist
  • intal= inhale this and it coats the mast cell so that you never get the allergen reacting with the anti-body (success rate is not very high with this method)
59
Q

allergy testing

A

often dont know you r allergic!!

  • inner arm- quite sensitive/ back if a lot to do
  • exposing you to small amounts of the possible allergen
60
Q

once you determine you r allergic- what do you do?

A

-allergy immunotherapy

61
Q

allergy immunitherapy

A
  • subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT)== patients receive the allergen as an injection into the subcutaneous fat. SCIT can only be performed by a doctor (injection)
  • Sublingual therapy (SLIT): patients receive the allergen in the form of drops or tablets that dissolve quickly under the tongue- unlike SCIT, the allergen is administrated daily.- can be self administrated by patient following doc instructions. SLIT requires fewer total visits to doc.
62
Q

allergy immunotherapy long term variable efficacy-

A

70%
depends on which sort of allergy you are talking about
-bees respond well, food allergies not so much
-comes down to systematic treatment or avoidance

CHEM 183 (4 decks)

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