history Flashcards
Historical method
Examining documents, art, artifacts
ethnocentrism
Our opinions are based on our own culture as the norm and others are not
Prehistorics
worship of women’s ability to bear children
Ancient hebrews
procreation and pleasure, polygamy was allowed but more were monogamous
Ancient greece
homosexuality, bisexuality, pederasty, prostitution
Ancient Rome
orgies, sexual activity between women were frowned upon
Muslims
sex within marriage, no premarital sex, polygamy
Taoists
sexuality and spirituality
Hindus
sex as virtuous and natural, celebrated within marriage
Early christians
Sex for procreation only, not passion, sex as sin if not procreative
Protestant reformation
Some sex not only for procreation
Middle ages
Wet dreams, sexual dysfunction
Victorian era(1837-1901)
Extreme sexual repression, marital duty for procreation and men’s pleasure
The sexual revolution (1965-1970s)
Social upheaval in science, music, art, fashion
Media has 3 types of influence:
cultivation, agenda setting, social learning
Cultivation
media represents real life
Agenda setting
media chooses what to portray
Social learning
characters in media are models that we imitate
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Psychodynamic theory
history of sex research began in…
19th century
Havelock Ellis
British physician
Wrote: Studies in the psychology of sex
First to write about homosexaulity in a compassionate way
Also wrote about transgenderism which he called sexoaesthetic inversion and later eonism
Attributed it to over-identification with admired object
Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing
German psychiatrist and sexologist
Psychopathia sexualis
Non-procreative sex was a perversion
4 categories of “sexual perversions”
4 categories of “sexual perversions”
(Krafft-Ebing)
Paradoxia: sexual response at the wrong time in life
Anesthesia:insufficient sexual desire
Hyperesthesia:excessive sexual desire
Paraesthesia:sexual desire for the wrong goal or object
Magnus Hirschfield
Founder of first sex reserach institute
Adminstered first large scale sex survey
Established the first journal devoted to scientific study of sexuality
Alfred kinsey
Conducted first major published large sexual surveys in the US
Prevalence of homosexuality
Created scale from 1-7 of sexaulity
Extramarital sex
Multiple orgasm
William masters and virginia johnson
First to look at physiological response in men and women
hawthorne effect
observer effect (people’s tendency to behave differently when they become aware that they are being observed. )
Variations across cultures
Sexual frequency
~how often people have sex
Sexual techniques:
~Some cultures kiss some don’t
Masturbation
~Masturbation is encourage in some cultures and some condemned
Premarital sex
~Allowed in some cultures and some don’t
Extramarital sex
~Having sex not with your partner
Sex with same-sex partners
~Occurs in all cultures
Standards of attractiveness is different in all cultures
Canada vs USA differences
Canadians are more liberal in terms of sex attitudes than Americans
American teenagers are 2x likely to get pregnant
Canadians have more sex outdoors??
Similarities
25% of Canadians and Americans have 3 some
50% have one night stand
Variations within a culture
different norms for different subgroups (age, ses, gender)
within subcultures: culture of origin, acculturation to Canadian culture
largest and fastest-growing immigrant groups in CA:
~S Asian and E Asian (these culture tend to uphold more traditional gender roles and sexual orientation)
Within Canada cultural differences
people have different frequency of sex
avg # of lifetime partners: 12
Quebec being the most sexually liberal (most likely to have sex)
Biological perspective/cross species behavior
No behavior unique to humans
Less hormonal and biological control as you go up evolutionary scale where the brain takes over
