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PSYC 350 Sexuality > 9/24 > Flashcards

9/24 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system

A

Hormone:chemical secreted by endocrine gland

Major hormone producing glands:pituitary, gonads, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas

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2
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

releases gonadotropin hormone (Gn-Rh)

Part of limbic system in brain, helps to regulate basic motivations

The four f’s (basic motivations):
Fighting
Feeding
Fleeing
Sexual behavior

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3
Q

Hypothalamus control

A

Pituitary gland: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) + luteinizing hormone (LH)

Anterior lobe interacts with gonads

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4
Q

Gonads:

A

steroids (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

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5
Q

Adrenal gland:

A

estrogen and testosterone

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6
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

A

People with ovaries: maturation of ovarian follicles
People with testes: growth of sperm cells

FSH controls sperm production in males

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7
Q

LH(luteinizing hormone)

A

People with ovaries:ovulation, development of corpus luteum

People with testes: production of testerone

LH controls testosterone production in male

ovum development and estrogen secretion in females

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8
Q

Testes

A

Produce androgens (ie T)

Development and maintenance of masculine physical characteristics

Maintaining genital and ability to produce sperm

Growth of bone and muscle

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9
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

neg feedback loop

maintains a steady level of testosterone

hypothalamus-GnRH->pituitary gland- FSH(sperm) & LH (production of testosterone) -> Testes-testosterone and inhibin

When T is lower, this signals hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis to start

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10
Q

Assumptions that testosterone levels are fairly steady

A

Research evidence: there are some fluctuations in T

Higher T in morning, lower T at night

Weekly fluctuations

Seasonal fluctuations (LOWER IN summer higher in fall)
T can be affected by behavior (sexual activity can be associated with T)

Cortisol level decrease T

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11
Q

Estrogen:

A

Development of physical characteristics (stimulate growth of uterus, pelvis, breast )

Stopping growth of bone and muscle (stop growing when we get our period)

Regulation of menstrual cycle

Maintaining mucous membranes of vagina

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12
Q

Progesterone

A

Regulation of menstrual cycle
Development of uterine lining

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13
Q

Inhibin

A

Involved in helping regulating the hormones and neg feedback loop (too low levels)

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14
Q

Pituitary gland (in people with ovaries)

A

Prolactin: milk production, progesterone production
High levels of prolactin in people with testes= sexual desire difficulty, erectile difficulties

Oxytocin (tend and befriend;social bonding)
Milk secretion, contractions of uterus during childbirth

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15
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in people with ovary:

A

Hypothalamus (GnRH)->pituitary gland (FSH & LH)->Ovaries-ESTROGEN,PROGESTERONE, INHIBIN

Hypothalamus detected levels of estrogen and progesterone and releases them according to neg or pos level

Female and Male hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis are quite similar

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16
Q

Menstruation

A

shedding of endometrium (layer of uterus)-no fertilization of ovum

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17
Q

Menarche

A

first menstruation

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18
Q

Amenorrhea

A

absence of menstruation

Primary amenorrhea: never had period

Secondary amenorrhea: was having period then stopped
~~You can still get pregnant even having amenorrhea

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19
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Regulated by fluctuating hormones
Length: 21-36 days
4 phases

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20
Q

4 phases of menstrual cycle

A

1)follicular (prolifertaive phase) (10 days)
2)ovulatory phase
3)luteal phase (14 days)
4)menstrual phase

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21
Q

Hormonal Birth Control

A

The combination pill (estrogen and synthetic progesterone)

Hormones for 21 days, then no pill or sugar pill for 7 days

Pill works by preventing ovulation

You have constant higher dose of estrogen and progesterone and maintaining consistent hormone levels then what is expected

This throws off the negative feedback loop (stops body from producing natural hormones)

Also helps thicken cervical mucous

Pill maintains more consistent hormone levels (ie no peak in estrogen, no ovulation)

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22
Q

What are recent advancement in male birth control

A

One option is a pill increases progesterone to decrease sperm levels but this also lowers T levels
~Participants will report acne, headaches, ED, weight gain, etc.. (which is why participants drop out)

Another advancement is a nonsurgical vasectomy created in india(a gel injected to testes)

23
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Pain or discomfort (cramps)

fluid retention(bloating)
~mastalgia is bloating in breasts

primary dysmenorrhea: just normal period cramps

secondary dysmenorrhea:pain associated with organic problems

24
Q

where do cramps come from

A

prostaglandins (cuts off blood flow)

25
Q

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

A

physiological/psychological symptoms present 4-6 days before period begins, may persist into menstrual phase
Ie depression, breast pain

26
Q

Controversy of pms

A

200 symptoms?

Researchers don’t really agree on one definition

Some people don’t think PMS is a thing
symptoms varies between cultures

27
Q

DSM-5-TR: premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

A

Patient should report in a diary daily of their symptoms for at least 2 menstrual cycles
Prevalence: 1.8%-5.8% of menstruators

28
Q

PMDD controversy

A

Pathologizes menstruation

Appropriateness of sex-specific diagnostic criteria

Study found that 4.1% of men and 8.0% of women met criteria for provisional PMDD diagnosis

If we take away menstruation part, non-menstruators are indicating they have these symptoms as well

29
Q

Diagnostic issues with PMDD

A

DSM-5 requires daily rating during at least 2 symptomatic cycles

Not very efficient for clinical utility

People are not using daily rating required

30
Q

Role of culture in PMDD

A

More exposure to American culture, more PMDD

Prevalence of PMDD in USA in Black vs White women

Black women sig less likely to experience PMDD

Japanese people rarely have PMDD

31
Q

Moon Time

A

For many indigenous communities, moon cycle (menstrual cycle is a gift to women
Time for renewal and reflection
Time to cleanse and purify yourself spiritually, mentally, physically
Women on moon time are powerful and intuitive

32
Q

Sexual Differentiation

A

Single cell has 23 chromosome pairs

22/23 chromosome are the same between men and women, 23rd pair determine the sex of embryo

All eggs carry one x, sperm can be x or y
xx=female; xy=male

33
Q

Genetic males are more likely to have abnormal recessive gene

A

Genetic females have carrier gene to override effects of abnormal recessive gene

34
Q

Prenatal sex development

A

Until 6 weeks after conception male and female embryos are the same

All embryos have the potential to have male or female reproductive system, they both have:
~Wolffian duct (prostate gland)->likely to become male
~Mullerian duct (uterus)-> likely to become female

35
Q

1) For males, At 7 weeks, the sex determining region, Y chromosome sends a message for the gonads to develop into testes which then produces sex hormones

A

Male:mullerian ducts degenerate (hormone is released that stops development of mullerian duct), wolffian ducts develop

36
Q

2)If there are no Y chromosome in sex determining region-> the gonads will continue to develop into female embryo

A

For females At 8 -10 weeks, the gonads develop into ovaries to produce sex hormones

Female:wolffian ducts degenerate, mullerian ducts develop

37
Q

At 3 months, hormones are released starting the development of external genitals

A

Genital tubercle: can become head of penis or clitoris

Genital fold:can become shaft of penis or labia minora

Labioscrotal swelling:becomes scrotum or labia major

(the presence or absence of androgens(T) plays a role in the development sex organs)
~Lack of androgens->female
~Presence of androgens->male

38
Q

Cross cultural preferences
in birth of child

A

China: parents want boys
Patriarchal society
Selective abortion (for girls), infanticide

India
More girls than boy babies survive due to cultural preference
Consequences: gender imbalance (more men than women)

39
Q

parents are more likely to express —— in birth of boy and ——– in birth of girl

A

pride;happiness

40
Q

Indian immigrants in Canada:

A

Women in second trimester, they have higher abortion rate

After 2 girls are born:
Every 192 boys, 100 girls are born
Might be bc they’re aborting the girls, so that they are having a boy for the 3rd child

41
Q

Brain differentiation (prenatal)

A

Difference in hypothalamus:
Estrogen sensitivity differences for females and males

Differences in amygdala:
Male amygdala is larger (conflicting)

Plasticity is more important:
More similarities than differences between girls and boys

More about experience and learning that changes brain

42
Q

David Reimer
study

A

men had failed circumcision which then his parents decided to turn him into girl

Conclusion: many factors that determine gender identity not just social (gender might be innate)

43
Q

Biological sex variables

A

Chromosomal sex
Gonadal sex
Prenatal hormonal sex
Internal sexual organs
External genital appearance
Pubertal hormonal sex

44
Q

Psychological gender variables

A

Gender assigned at birth

Gender identity

45
Q

Intersex individual

A

Genital not clearly male or female (2%)

46
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A

Born with XX (female) chromosomes

Adrenal gland becomes to function abnormally that causes the female to receive as much androgen as a male

Causes genital to look more masculine

47
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

A

Genetic male fetus produces normal levels of T, however the body tissues are insensitive to Testosterone and so development of sex organs looks female

48
Q

Intersex Society of North America (ISNA)

A

Goal: end shame,secrecy, and unwanted genital surgeries for people born with atypical sex anatomy

Emphasis: variability not abnormality

Surgery: only if and when the intersex person requests it

49
Q

Puberty

A

Second most important phase during which sexual differentiation occurs other being the prenatal period

Marked increase in level of sex hormones

Not a point in time but further sexual differentiation occurs

Boys start puberty 2 years later than girls

50
Q

Adolescence

A

Emerging adulthood (around 10-20 yrs)
Rite of passage

51
Q

KISS1 GENE-> release kisspeptin

A

Releases hormones In hypothalamus to initiate puberty

52
Q

what does KISS1 gene do to people with testes

A

Test and scrotal sac
Growth of penis, hair
Muscle mass, height

53
Q

what does KISS1 gene do to People with ovaries:

A

Breast development
Fat deposits
Growth spurt
Menarche (avg age 12.7)
Not able to be pregnant until after 1st period

PSYC 350 Sexuality (5 decks)

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