9/24 Flashcards
Endocrine system
Hormone:chemical secreted by endocrine gland
Major hormone producing glands:pituitary, gonads, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas
Hypothalamus:
releases gonadotropin hormone (Gn-Rh)
Part of limbic system in brain, helps to regulate basic motivations
The four f’s (basic motivations):
Fighting
Feeding
Fleeing
Sexual behavior
Hypothalamus control
Pituitary gland: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) + luteinizing hormone (LH)
Anterior lobe interacts with gonads
Gonads:
steroids (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
Adrenal gland:
estrogen and testosterone
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
People with ovaries: maturation of ovarian follicles
People with testes: growth of sperm cells
FSH controls sperm production in males
LH(luteinizing hormone)
People with ovaries:ovulation, development of corpus luteum
People with testes: production of testerone
LH controls testosterone production in male
ovum development and estrogen secretion in females
Testes
Produce androgens (ie T)
Development and maintenance of masculine physical characteristics
Maintaining genital and ability to produce sperm
Growth of bone and muscle
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
neg feedback loop
maintains a steady level of testosterone
hypothalamus-GnRH->pituitary gland- FSH(sperm) & LH (production of testosterone) -> Testes-testosterone and inhibin
When T is lower, this signals hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis to start
Assumptions that testosterone levels are fairly steady
Research evidence: there are some fluctuations in T
Higher T in morning, lower T at night
Weekly fluctuations
Seasonal fluctuations (LOWER IN summer higher in fall)
T can be affected by behavior (sexual activity can be associated with T)
Cortisol level decrease T
Estrogen:
Development of physical characteristics (stimulate growth of uterus, pelvis, breast )
Stopping growth of bone and muscle (stop growing when we get our period)
Regulation of menstrual cycle
Maintaining mucous membranes of vagina
Progesterone
Regulation of menstrual cycle
Development of uterine lining
Inhibin
Involved in helping regulating the hormones and neg feedback loop (too low levels)
Pituitary gland (in people with ovaries)
Prolactin: milk production, progesterone production
High levels of prolactin in people with testes= sexual desire difficulty, erectile difficulties
Oxytocin (tend and befriend;social bonding)
Milk secretion, contractions of uterus during childbirth
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in people with ovary:
Hypothalamus (GnRH)->pituitary gland (FSH & LH)->Ovaries-ESTROGEN,PROGESTERONE, INHIBIN
Hypothalamus detected levels of estrogen and progesterone and releases them according to neg or pos level
Female and Male hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis are quite similar
Menstruation
shedding of endometrium (layer of uterus)-no fertilization of ovum
Menarche
first menstruation
Amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
Primary amenorrhea: never had period
Secondary amenorrhea: was having period then stopped
~~You can still get pregnant even having amenorrhea
Menstrual cycle
Regulated by fluctuating hormones
Length: 21-36 days
4 phases
4 phases of menstrual cycle
1)follicular (prolifertaive phase) (10 days)
2)ovulatory phase
3)luteal phase (14 days)
4)menstrual phase
Hormonal Birth Control
The combination pill (estrogen and synthetic progesterone)
Hormones for 21 days, then no pill or sugar pill for 7 days
Pill works by preventing ovulation
You have constant higher dose of estrogen and progesterone and maintaining consistent hormone levels then what is expected
This throws off the negative feedback loop (stops body from producing natural hormones)
Also helps thicken cervical mucous
Pill maintains more consistent hormone levels (ie no peak in estrogen, no ovulation)
What are recent advancement in male birth control
One option is a pill increases progesterone to decrease sperm levels but this also lowers T levels
~Participants will report acne, headaches, ED, weight gain, etc.. (which is why participants drop out)
Another advancement is a nonsurgical vasectomy created in india(a gel injected to testes)
Dysmenorrhea
Pain or discomfort (cramps)
fluid retention(bloating)
~mastalgia is bloating in breasts
primary dysmenorrhea: just normal period cramps
secondary dysmenorrhea:pain associated with organic problems
where do cramps come from
prostaglandins (cuts off blood flow)
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
physiological/psychological symptoms present 4-6 days before period begins, may persist into menstrual phase
Ie depression, breast pain
Controversy of pms
200 symptoms?
Researchers don’t really agree on one definition
Some people don’t think PMS is a thing
symptoms varies between cultures
DSM-5-TR: premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
Patient should report in a diary daily of their symptoms for at least 2 menstrual cycles
Prevalence: 1.8%-5.8% of menstruators
PMDD controversy
Pathologizes menstruation
Appropriateness of sex-specific diagnostic criteria
Study found that 4.1% of men and 8.0% of women met criteria for provisional PMDD diagnosis
If we take away menstruation part, non-menstruators are indicating they have these symptoms as well
Diagnostic issues with PMDD
DSM-5 requires daily rating during at least 2 symptomatic cycles
Not very efficient for clinical utility
People are not using daily rating required
Role of culture in PMDD
More exposure to American culture, more PMDD
Prevalence of PMDD in USA in Black vs White women
Black women sig less likely to experience PMDD
Japanese people rarely have PMDD
Moon Time
For many indigenous communities, moon cycle (menstrual cycle is a gift to women
Time for renewal and reflection
Time to cleanse and purify yourself spiritually, mentally, physically
Women on moon time are powerful and intuitive
Sexual Differentiation
Single cell has 23 chromosome pairs
22/23 chromosome are the same between men and women, 23rd pair determine the sex of embryo
All eggs carry one x, sperm can be x or y
xx=female; xy=male
Genetic males are more likely to have abnormal recessive gene
Genetic females have carrier gene to override effects of abnormal recessive gene
Prenatal sex development
Until 6 weeks after conception male and female embryos are the same
All embryos have the potential to have male or female reproductive system, they both have:
~Wolffian duct (prostate gland)->likely to become male
~Mullerian duct (uterus)-> likely to become female
1) For males, At 7 weeks, the sex determining region, Y chromosome sends a message for the gonads to develop into testes which then produces sex hormones
Male:mullerian ducts degenerate (hormone is released that stops development of mullerian duct), wolffian ducts develop
2)If there are no Y chromosome in sex determining region-> the gonads will continue to develop into female embryo
For females At 8 -10 weeks, the gonads develop into ovaries to produce sex hormones
Female:wolffian ducts degenerate, mullerian ducts develop
At 3 months, hormones are released starting the development of external genitals
Genital tubercle: can become head of penis or clitoris
Genital fold:can become shaft of penis or labia minora
Labioscrotal swelling:becomes scrotum or labia major
(the presence or absence of androgens(T) plays a role in the development sex organs)
~Lack of androgens->female
~Presence of androgens->male
Cross cultural preferences
in birth of child
China: parents want boys
Patriarchal society
Selective abortion (for girls), infanticide
India
More girls than boy babies survive due to cultural preference
Consequences: gender imbalance (more men than women)
parents are more likely to express —— in birth of boy and ——– in birth of girl
pride;happiness
Indian immigrants in Canada:
Women in second trimester, they have higher abortion rate
After 2 girls are born:
Every 192 boys, 100 girls are born
Might be bc they’re aborting the girls, so that they are having a boy for the 3rd child
Brain differentiation (prenatal)
Difference in hypothalamus:
Estrogen sensitivity differences for females and males
Differences in amygdala:
Male amygdala is larger (conflicting)
Plasticity is more important:
More similarities than differences between girls and boys
More about experience and learning that changes brain
David Reimer
study
men had failed circumcision which then his parents decided to turn him into girl
Conclusion: many factors that determine gender identity not just social (gender might be innate)
Biological sex variables
Chromosomal sex
Gonadal sex
Prenatal hormonal sex
Internal sexual organs
External genital appearance
Pubertal hormonal sex
Psychological gender variables
Gender assigned at birth
Gender identity
Intersex individual
Genital not clearly male or female (2%)
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
Born with XX (female) chromosomes
Adrenal gland becomes to function abnormally that causes the female to receive as much androgen as a male
Causes genital to look more masculine
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
Genetic male fetus produces normal levels of T, however the body tissues are insensitive to Testosterone and so development of sex organs looks female
Intersex Society of North America (ISNA)
Goal: end shame,secrecy, and unwanted genital surgeries for people born with atypical sex anatomy
Emphasis: variability not abnormality
Surgery: only if and when the intersex person requests it
Puberty
Second most important phase during which sexual differentiation occurs other being the prenatal period
Marked increase in level of sex hormones
Not a point in time but further sexual differentiation occurs
Boys start puberty 2 years later than girls
Adolescence
Emerging adulthood (around 10-20 yrs)
Rite of passage
KISS1 GENE-> release kisspeptin
Releases hormones In hypothalamus to initiate puberty
what does KISS1 gene do to people with testes
Test and scrotal sac
Growth of penis, hair
Muscle mass, height
what does KISS1 gene do to People with ovaries:
Breast development
Fat deposits
Growth spurt
Menarche (avg age 12.7)
Not able to be pregnant until after 1st period
